Abstract
The suppression of the Solidarity movement in Poland seemed to have returned Eastern Europe to uniformity. There were, however, two sets of differentiations, one a deep-going divergence in historical development, the other a result of short-term policy decisions. The deep division between ‘East Central Europe’ and the Balkan lands remained, with its contrast between still relatively undeveloped countries where communist-led modernisation had not collapsed into crisis (Romania, Bulgaria, Albania) and the more advanced north where the necessity of a radical transformation of the economic system was ever more apparent (the GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary).1
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Notes
J. Bugajski and M. Pollack, ‘East European Dissent’, in Problems of Communism, 31, 2, March–April 1988, p. 67.
J. Reich, ‘Reflections on becoming an East German dissident’, in G. Prins, (ed.), Spring in Winter, (Manchester, 1990), p. 83.
B. Kagarlitsky, The Thinking Reed, (London, 1988), p. 211.
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W. Brus, writing in New Left Review, No. 153, Sept.-Oct. 1985, p. 52.
M. Lavigne, International Political Economy and Socialism, (Cambridge, 1991), pp. 327–8.
On the musical rebellion see also T. Ryback, Rock Around the Bloc, (New York, 1990).
J. Lovenduski, and J. Woodall, Politics and Society in Eastern Europe, (London, 1987), p. 430.
A. Smolar, ‘Polish opposition’, in F. Feher and A. Arato (eds), Crisis and Reform in Eastern Europe, (New Brunswick, 1991).
J. Drewnowski (ed.), Crisis in the East European Economy: the Spread of the Polish Disease, (London, 1982).
T. G. Ash, The Uses of Adversity, (Cambridge, 1989), p. 199.
F. Tôkes, ‘Hungary’s new political élites’, Problems of Communism, vol. 39, 6, Nov.-Dee. 1990.
K. W. Fricke, ‘Der Besuch Erich Honeckers in der BRD’, Europa Archiv, 42, 23, 10 Dec. 1987, p. 687.
J. F. Brown, Eastern Europe and Communist Rule, (Durham, North Carolina, 1988), p. 261.
A. Mitter and S. Wolle, Ich liebe euch doch aile, (Berlin, 1990), p. 117.
See A. H. Smith, ‘Romania: Internal Economic Development and Foreign Economic Relations’, in P. Joseph (ed.), The Economies of Eastern Europe and their Foreign Economic Relations, (Brussels, 1987), pp. 255–74.
See A. Heitlinger, Women and State Socialism, (London, 1979), pp. 135–90 for a study of the position in Czechoslovakia.
See R. J. McIntyre, ‘Pronatalist Programmes in Eastern Europe’, Soviet Studies, 27, 3, July 1975, pp. 366–80.
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© 1993 Ben Fowkes
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Fowkes, B. (1993). Decline and Fall. In: The Rise and Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22812-6_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22812-6_10
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