Abstract
Throughout history, from the ancient Greeks to the present time, economic sanctions1 have been used by powerful states as policy instruments in their economic and political foreign relations. The objectives of imposing sanctions can be divided into two categories. Firstly, they have been used to safeguard economic and commercial interests in the face of international competitors. Secondly, economic sanctions have been used to exert pressure on target countries either to influence their political conduct or to destabilise regimes that are perceived as ‘unfriendly’.
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Notes
See, e.g., G. Sick, All Fall Down, Random House, New York, 1985;
W. Sullivan, Mission to Iran, Norton, New York, 1981;
J. A. Bill, The Eagle and the Lion, Yale University Press, London, 1988.
For data on the changes in the international liquidity position of the United States see R. Triffin, ‘The International Monetary Position of the United States’, in S. E. Harris (ed.), The Dollar in Crisis, Harcourt, Brace & World Inc., New York, 1961, pp. 228–9.
See B. J. Cohen, In Whose Interest? International Banking and American Foreign Policy, Council on Foreign Relations, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1986, chapter 2.
For an indication of the degree of the interlock between the US banks and oil companies see M. Hulbert, Interlock, Richardson & Snyder, New York, 1982, pp. 39–46.
See, e.g., A. F. Lowenfeld, Trade Controls for Political Ends, International Economic Law, vol. iii, 2nd ed., Mathew Bender, New York, 1983;
R. D. Steel (ed.), The Iran Crisis and International Law, proceedings of the John Busset Moore Society of International Law Symposium on Iran, University of Virginia School of Law, 1980;
R. W. Edwards, ‘Extraterritorial Application of the US Iranian Assets Control Regulations’, American Journal of International Law, vol. 75, 1981, pp. 870–902.
See, e.g., W. Christopher et al., American Hostages in Iran: The Conduct of a Crisis, Council on Foreign Relations, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1985;
P. Salinger, America Held Hostage: The Secret Negotiations, Doubleday, New York, 1981;
H. Jordan, Crisis, the Last Year of the Carter Presidency, G. P. Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1982.
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© 1993 Mahvash Alerassool
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Alerassool, M. (1993). Introduction: Economic Sanctions and Freezing Assets. In: Freezing Assets. International Political Economy Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22532-3_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22532-3_1
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