Abstract
At the beginning of the nineteenth century Europeans were still using the basic forms of transport provided by past civilisations. For the most part locomotion depended upon ‘human muscle, the beasts of burden, and the wind-filled sail’. In many countries large areas remained unexplored, although Britain, had fairly well developed surface communications. The main forms of transportation consisted of river and canal navigation, coastal shipping and horse-drawn transport, together with more primitive forms of conveyance.
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References and Further Reading
D. H. Aldcroft, ‘Urban transport problems in historical perspective’, in A. Slaven and D. H. Aldcroft (eds), Business, Banking and Urban History: Essays in Honour of S. G. Checkland (London, 1982).
P. S. Bagwell and J. Armstrong, ‘Coastal shipping’, in M. J. Freeman and D. H. Aldcroft (eds), Transport in Victorian Britain (Manchester, 1988).
R. W. Fogel, ‘Railroads as an Analogy to the Space Effort: Some Economic Aspects’, Economic Journal, LXXVI (1966).
T. R. Gourvish, ‘Railways 1830–70: the formative years’, in Freeman and Aldcroft (eds); see [2] above (1988).
G. Hawke, Railways and Economic Growth in England and Wales 1840–1870 (Oxford, 1970).
J. R. Kellett, The Impact of Railways on Victorian Cities (London, 1969).
P. O’Brien (ed.), Railways and the Economic Development of Western Europe (London, 1983).
E. Pawson, Transport and the Economy: the turnpike roads of eighteenth century Britain (London, 1977).
J. Simmons, The Railway in Town and Country, 1830–1914 (Newton Abbot, 1986).
S. P. Ville, Transport and the Development of the European Economy, 1750–1918 (London, 1990).
T. B. Gourvish Railways and the British Economy, 1830–1914 (London, 1983).
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Aldcroft, D. (1992). The Railway Age. In: Digby, A., Feinstein, C., Jenkins, D. (eds) New Directions in Economic and Social History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22448-7_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22448-7_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-56809-5
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