Abstract
The last chapter discussed the content of poetry. In this chapter we consider some of the functions of poetry in the society to which it is addressed: its audience. All societies have had poets and it may occur to us to wonder why. A language is the main way in which a society expresses itself and coheres through understanding. In the last chapter we said that a language is a living thing that grows and must constantly renew itself. Poetry which renews by using it in fresh, unautomatic and unpredictable ways is the heart of any language’s struggle to live vigorously and maintain a high quality of life throughout the social body in which it circulates. In his ‘Preface’ to the Lyrical Ballads Wordsworth says:
Poetry is the most philosophic of all writing: its object is truth … not standing upon external testimony, but carried alive into the heart by passion … The poet writes under one restriction only, namely the necessity of giving immediate pleasure … The end of poetry is to produce excitement in co-existence with an overbalance of pleasure … We have no sympathy but what is propagated by pleasure … wherever we sympathise with pain it will be found that the sympathy is produced and carried on by subtle combinations with pleasure.
What benefit canst thou, or all thy tribe to the great world?
Keats, ‘The Fall of Hyperion’
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Notes
Christopher Hampton, The Ideology of the Text (Buckingham: Open University Press, 1990).
Richard Holmes’ Coleridge Early Visions (London: Penguin, 1989) is a fascinating biography. See also Stevie Smith’s ‘Thoughts about the Person from Porlock’, quoted in Chapter 4.
Anne Acland, A Devon Family. The Story of the Aclands (Chichester: Phillimore and Co., 1981).
‘Epitafio para la tumba de Adolfo Báez Bone’ by Ernesto Cardenal in Poesía Política Nicaragüense, ed. Francisco de Asis Fernández (Managua: Ministry of Culture, 1986). This poem and many of the other Nicaragaun poems quoted in this chapter appear in Nicaragua: Poetry and Revolution (1954–90), a bi-lingual anthology of Nicaraguan poetry to be published by Katabasis, London.
From ‘Carlos el amanecer ya no es una tentación’ by Tomás Borge in Nicaráuac 13 (Managua 1986). Translation of the whole text appears in Carlos Fonseca by Tomás Borge et. al. to be published by Katabasis.
‘Carta a Ana Josehna’ by Tomás Borge is in La ceremonía esperada (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1990). Translation is by D. L.
From ‘Me es necesario tu cuerpo’ in Ricardo Morales Avilés, Obras (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1981). Translation ‘Your Body is Necessary to Me’ by D. L. is in In the Shadow of Columbus (Leicester: Leicester-Masaya Link Group, 1992).
Title poem in La Tierra es un satélite de la luna by Leonel Rugama, (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1985).
Originally published in 1973. Translation by Robert Pring-Mill in Zero Hour and Other Documentary Poems (New York: New Directions, 1980).
‘Ofensiva Final’ by Ernesto Cardenal in Vuelos de Victoria (León University: León, Nicaragua 1985). Translation in Nicaraguan New Time
‘Nicaragua agua fuego’ by Gioconda Belli in De la costilla de Eva (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1986). This translation is by D. L. For another translation see Chapter 6.
‘50 versos de amor y una confesión no realizada a Ernesto Cardenal’ by Daisy Zamora in En limpio se escribe la vida (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1988).
‘Vos creés’ by Felipe Peña in Poesia campesina de Solentiname (Managua: Ministry of Culture, 1980). This translation by D. L. Other poems by this community are in The Peasant Poets of Solentiname, bi-lingual text translated by Peter Wright (London: Katabasis, 1990).
Tom Paulin, Minotaur. Poetry and the Nation State (London: Faber and Faber, 1992).
Materia Jubilosa by Julio Valle-Castillo (Managua: Editorial Nueva Nicaragua, 1986). Some of these poems, collected under the title Nicaraguan Vision and Other Poems are published in bi-lingual text in The Nicaraguan Epic.
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© 1993 Dinah Livingstone
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Livingstone, D. (1993). Poetry in Society. In: Poetry Handbook. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22398-5_5
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