Abstract
What is political emigration and what constitutes exile policy? The general understanding of a political emigrant is a person who leaves his native country for political reasons. The cause is taken as essentially determining the phenomenon of emigration. Exile policy refers to those political activities through which a political emigrant wants to change the political situation in the country which he left. The two terms are not necessarily synonymous. Not everyone emigrates for political motives, thus not every emigrant remains politically active. On the other hand not everyone who becomes politically active in exile leaves his homeland for political reasons. During the 1830s and 1840s many members of German workers’ committees abroad left Germany for economic reasons and only later were drawn into politics.1 Furthermore not every politically active emigrant is a politician in exile: Aleksander Walewski, foreign minister to Napoleon III, was a French and not a Polish politician in exile; and Karl Schurz, in the USA, was no longer a German politician in exile.
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Notes
For details see Wolfgang Schieder, Anfände des deutschen Arbeiterbewegung. Die Auslandsvereins in Jahrzehnt nach der Julirevolution von 1830 (Stuttgart, 1963).
The most important descriptions of the ‘Great Emigration’ are the two ‘classics’: Lubomir Gadon, Wielka Emigracja w pierwszych latach po powstaniu listopadowym (Cracow, 1901–2; Paris, 1960, 2nd edn);
and Adam Lewak, ‘Czasy Wielkiej Emigracji’, Polska, jej dzieje i kultura od czasów najdawniejszych do chwili obecnej (Warsaw, 1932) III, pp. 193–233.
See also Sławomir Kalembka, Wielka Emigracja. Polskie wychodźstwo polityczne w latach 1831–1862 (Warsaw, 1971).
For an analysis of the Polish exile organisations see Hans Henning Hahn, ‘Die Organisationen der polnischen “Grossen Emigration” 1831–1847’, in Theodor Schieder and Otto Dann (eds) Nationale Bewegung und soziale Organisation (Munich-Vienna, 1978) I, pp. 131–279.
Alina Barszczewska-Krupa, Reforma czy rewolucja. Koncepcje przekształcenia społeczeństwa polskiego w myśli politycznej Wielkiej Emigracji 1832–1863 (Lodz, 1979) attempts a synthesis of the history of the political ideas of the Polish emigration.
Alina Barszczewska-Krupa, Reforma czy rewolucja. Koncepcje przekształcenia społeczeństwa polskiego w myśli politycznej Wielkiej Emigracji 1832–1863 (Lodz, 1979) attempts a synthesis of the history of the political ideas of the Polish emigration.
The two most significant biographies of Czartoryski are: Marceli Handelsman, Adam Czartoryski (3 vols, Warsaw, 1948–50);
and Marian Kukiel, Czartoryski and European Unity 1770–1861 (Princeton, 1955). The former was written during the Second World War and published posthumously under the editorship of Stefan Kieniewicz. Kukiel, former director of the Czartoryski Library, wrote his work in exile in London.
There are numerous more recent works which deal with specific aspects of Czartoryski’s exile policies. The most important include Jan Wszołek, Prawica Wielkiej Emigracji wobec narodowego ruchu włoskiego (przed rewolucja, 1848 r.) (Wrocław-Warsaw-Cracow, 1970);
Jerzy Skowronek, Polityka bałkańska Hotelu Lambert (1833–1856) (Warsaw, 1976);
Barbara Konarska, W kręgu Hotelu Lambert. Władysław Zamoyski w latach 1832–1847 (Wrocław-Warsaw-Cracow-Gdańsk, 1971);
Jerzy Zdrada, Zmierzch Czartoryskich (Warsaw, 1969);
Hanna Lutzowa, ‘Obóz 3-go Maja,’ unpublished doctoral dissertation (Warsaw, 1971);
Robert Allen Berry, ‘Czartoryski and the Balkan Policies of the Hotel Lambert 1832–1847’, unpublished doctoral dissertation (Bloomington Indiana University, 1974);
Hans Henning Hahn, Aussenpolitik in der Emigration. Die Exildiplomatie Adam Jerzy Czartoryskis 1830–1840 (Munich-Vienna, 1978).
For an interesting comparison of the Polish question with other unresolved European questions in the nineteenth century see Henryk Wereszycki, ‘Sprawa polska w XIX wieku’, in Stefan Kieniewicz (ed.) Polska XIX wieku. Państwo-Społeczeństwo-Kultura (Warsaw, 1977), pp. 121–61.
Guy Le Strange (ed. and trans.) Correspondence of Princess Lieven and Earl Grey (London, 1890) vol. II (1830–4) pp. 310–22.
Adam Czartoryski, Memoirs of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I. With documents relative to the Prince’s negotiations with Pitt, Fox and Brougham and an account of his conversations with Lord Palmerston and other English statesmen in London in 1832 (New York, 1971) p. 324; reprint of the original memoirs (2 vols, London, 1888).
Maria J. F. Copson-Niećko, ‘Pro-Polish Agitation in Great Britain 1832–1867’, unpublished doctoral dissertation (London University, 1968), p. 20.
For a not-quite-complete survey of the efforts in France see Alina Barszczewska, ‘Prasa francuska o Polsce i Polakach 1830–1848’, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, Seria I: Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne (Łódź, 1968) z. 58, pp. 61–76.
Heinrich von Treitschke, Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert (Leipzig, 1927) vol. IV, p. 527. For details about the Portfolio affair see Hahn, Aussenpolitik, pp. 237–41.
See, for example, John Howes Gleason, The Genesis of Russo-phobia in Great Britain. A Study of the Interaction of Policy and Opinion (Cambridge, Mass., 1950).
Above all see Józef Frejlich, ‘Legion jenerała Józefa Bema w walce o sukcesye portugalska’, Przegląd Historyczny, xiv (1912) pp. 93–124, 237–59, 338–64.
See the complete edition of sources by Adam Georges Benis, Une mission militaire polonaise en Egypte (2 vols, Cairo, 1938).
An excellent study of the Polish Emigration — French Foreign Legion complex is Aleksandra Helena Kasznik, Między Francją i Algeria. Z dziejów emigracji polskiej 1832–1856 (Wrocław-Warsaw-Cracow-Gdańsk, 1977).
Bronisław Zaleski, ‘Ludwik Orpiszewski,’ Przegląd Polski, R. 10, xxxix (1875) p. 441.
Instructions for Dr Marcinkowski, B. Cz. 5282, pp. 69–79. These instructions were published by Merceli Handelsman, Rozwój narodowości nowoczesnej. Studia nad dziejami myśli politycznej. II, Francja-Polska 1795–1845 (Warsaw, 1926), pp. 277–83.
The Vixen affair is treated in the literature concerning Palmerston’s foreign policy. See Charles Webster, ‘Urquhart, Ponsonby, and Palmerston’, The English Historical Review, lxii (1947) pp. 327–51;
Charles Webster, The Foreign Policy of Palmerston 1830–1841 (London, 1969, 2nd edn) pp. 570–6;
G. H. Bolsover, ‘David Urquhart and the Eastern Question, 1833–1837’, Journal of Modern History, viii (1936) pp. 444–67.
A very detailed discussion is found in Ludwik Widerszal, Sprawy kaukaskie w polityce europejskiej w latach 1831–1864 (Warsaw, 1934) pp. 48–61.
Concerning the Skrzynecki affair see above all Fl. de Lannoy, ‘Une rupture diplomatique Germano-Belge au XIX siècle. L’affaire Skrzynecki’, Revue Générale (1920) pp. 194–208, 330–45 (Belgian sources); also Hahn, Aussenpolitik, pp. 201–6 (Polish sources).
A detailed study of Chrzanowski’s activities is Henryk Graniewski, ‘The Mission of General Chrzanowski to Turkey (1836–40)’, Antemurale, xii (1968) pp 115–264.
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© 1992 International Council for Soviet and East European Studies, and John Morison
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Hahn, H.H. (1992). Possibilities and Limitations of Foreign Policy, in Exile: Adam Jerzy Czartoryski’s Hotel Lambert in Western Europe, 1831–40. In: Morison, J. (eds) Eastern Europe and the West. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22299-5_1
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