Abstract
Unfortunately, the heartland of Russia did not possess sufficient sources of cultural and moral strength which could have served as an instrument of … assimilation, all the more so as many border regions — because of their special historical and geographical development — stood culturally on a much higher plane than the centre. Therefore endeavours directed at their russification (obrusenie), mostly amounting to intervention by force, proved futile and only angered local populations. At the same time these endeavours drained the Russian national centre because they made it necessary to squander its little developed forces over the huge expanse of the empire and to lower the average level of the serving class that was called upon to fulfil the demands of the state.1
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Notes
For these see B. D. Grekov, Dokumenty k istorii slavyanovedeniya v Rossii (Moscow, 1948); M. B. Petrovich, The Emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856–1870 (New York, Columbia University Press, 1956)
S. A. Nikitin, Slavyanskie komitety v Rossii v 1858–1876 (Moscow, Izd. Moskovskogo Universiteta, 1960).
L. Krzivickii, ‘Polyaki’ in Kastelyanskii (ed.), Formy national′nago dvizheniya v sovremmenykh gosudarstvakh (St Petersburg, 1910) p. 337; Okrainy Rossii no. 18 (1906) p. 303; no. 25, pp. 427, 429; no. 27, pp. 453ff, 465; A. Pogodin, ‘Litovskii vopros v nastoyashchee vremya’, Russkaya mysl’, no. 12, pt. 2 (1909) p. 44 P. Vakar, Belorussia. The Making of a Nation (Cambridge, Mass., Yale University Press, 1956) p. 88.
A. Levin, The Third Duma: Election and Profile (Hamden, Ct., Archon Books, 1973)
G. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment, 1907–1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1973) p. 105.
A. I. Avrekh, Stolypin i tret′ya duma (Moscow, Nauka, 1968) p. 261
E. Chmielewski, The Polish Question in the Russian State Duma (Knoxville, Tennessee, University of Tennessee Press, 1970)
C. L. Lundin, ‘Finland’, in E. Thaden (ed.), Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855–1914 (Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1981) pp. 357ff.
‘Bor′ba s revolyutsionnym dvizheniem na Kavkazie v epokhu stolypinsh-chiny (Iz perepiski P. A. Stolypina s gr. I. I. Vorontosovym-Dash-kovym)’, Krasnyi arkhiv, vol. 34 (1929) pp. 189ff; also Z. Avalov, ‘Natsional′ nyi vopros na Kavkazie’, Russkaya mysl, no. 12, pt. 2 (1911); for Poland see L. Bazylow, Ostatnie Lata Rosji Carskiej. Rzady Stolypina. (Warsaw, Naukowe, 1972) pp. 351ff.
H. D. Löwe, Antisemitismus und reaktionare Utopie. Russischer Konservatismus im Kampf gegen den Wandel von Staat und Gesellschaft, 1890–1917 (Hamburg, 1978) pp. 141ff.; D. A. Baturinskii, Agrarnaya politika tsarskogo pravitel′stva i krest′yanskii pozemel′nyi bank (Moscow, 1925) p. 75; O. Hoetzsch, Russland, Eine Einführung aufgrund seiner jüngsten Geschichte (Berlin, 1916) pp. 337ff.; I. Zhilkin, ‘Provintsial′noe obozrenie’, Vestnik evropy, no. 8 (1911) p. 358; K. Stähling, Geschichte Russlands, Bd. IV/2. (Reprint, Graz, 1974) p. 914; G. Alisov, ‘Musul′manskii vopros v Rossii’, Russkaya mysl’, no. 7, pt. 2, (1909) p. 42; Burmistrova, Gusakova, Natsional′nyi vopros, p. 116ff. and passim. V. I. Gurko, a prominent member of the bureaucracy and a former assistant Minister of Internal Affairs argued as late as 1915 for the retention of restrictions based on nationality in the case of landholding: ‘Restrictions on language are senseless. Religious constraints are a remnant of the past, but landownership gives political power’, Krasnyi arkhiv, vol. 50/51 (1932) p. 131.
E. Sokol, The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia (Baltimore, John Hopkins Press, 1954) pp. 21–43
G. J. Demko, The Russian Colonisation of Kazakhstan 1896–1916 (Bloomington, Ind., Indiana University Press, 1969)
K. Stählin, Russisch Turkestan. Gestern und Heute (Berlin, Ost-Europa Verlag, 1935).
‘Iz istorii natsional′noi politiki tsarizma. Zhurnal osobogo soveshchaniya po vyrabotke mer dlya protivedeistviya tatarsko-musul′manskogo vliyaniyu v Privol′zhskom krae’, Krasnyi arkhiv, vol. 35 (1929) pp. l08ff.; ibid., vol. 36 (1929) pp. 79ff.; for a similar case see I. Spitsberg, ‘Tserkov i russifikatsiya buriato-mongol pri tsarizme’, Ibid., vol. 53, (1932) pp. 100–26.
This hostility against the Edict of Tolerance of 17 April 1905 was shared by all right-wingers; Turskii [Zamyslovskii], Pravye, op.cit., pp. 14, 55; Hosking, Russian Constitutional Experiment, pp. 97ff.; on the political changes in 1909, E. Chmielewski,’ stolypin and the Russian Ministerial Crisis of 1909’, California Slavic Studies, 4 (1967) pp. 1–38; R. Edelman, ‘The Russian Nationalist Party and the Political Crisis of 1909’, Russian Review, vol. 34 (1975) pp. 22–54.
Löwe, Antisemitismus, pp. 106ff., esp. 134ff.; Hans Rogger, ‘The Beilis Case: Antisemitism and Politics in the Reign of Nicholas II’, in H. Rogger (ed.), Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia (London, Macmillan, 1986) pp. 40ff.
For the Nationalists as a party developing a class-consciousness see R. Edelman, Gentry Politics on the Eve of the Russian Revolution. The Nationalist Party, 1909–1917 (New Brunswick, Rutgers University Press, 1980).
Kovalevskii, Natsionalizm, pp. 57, 66, 129, 107, 251; cf. E. Drabkina, Natsional′nyi i kolonial′nyi vopros v tsar′skoi Rossii (Moscow, Izd. komm, akademii, 1930) p. 41.
A. Ia. Avrekh, ‘Vopros o zapadnom zemstve’, Istoricheskie zapiski, vol. 70 (1961) pp. 85
V. S. Dyakin, Samoderzhavie, burzhuaziya i dvoryanstvo v 1907–1914gg. (Leningrad, Nauka, 1978).
Vestnik evropy, no. 5 (1912) pp. 429ff.; no. 6, pp. 393ff; Vladimir I. Gurko, Features and Figures of the Past (Stanford Calif., Stanford University Press, 1939).
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© 1992 International Committee for Soviet and East European Studies, and Robert B. McKean
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Löwe, HD. (1992). Russian Nationalism and Tsarist Nationalities Policies in Semi-Constitutional Russia, 1905–1914. In: McKean, R.B. (eds) New Perspectives in Modern Russian History. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22210-0_13
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