Abstract
In many ways, it is difficult to talk about United States-European Community relations as relations between two distinct entities. The development of the world economy, the surrounding political and security order, and the nature of the two entities itself has created an intense and growing interpenetration between them. In a very real sense, the United States is in the EC and the EC in the USA, and this has important consequences for the management of issues arising between them at the governmental level. The Single Market Programme raises these issues in a distinctive and highly concentrated form, and its impact on US-EC relations has been further extended by change in the world economic and security orders.
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Notes
C. L. Schultze, ‘Introduction’, in G. Hufbauer (ed.), Europe 1992: An American Perspective ( Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1990), pp. xix–xx. Further detail on current and past US-EC relations can be found in G. Hufbauer, ‘An Overview’, in ibid., pp. 1–64. See also
M. Calingaert, The 1992 Challenge From Europe (Washington D.C.: National Planning Association, 1988), Ch. 6.
See Hufbauer, ‘An Overview’, op. cit.. The broader background is also dealt with in the following: S. Woolcock et al., Interdependence in the Post-Multilateral Era (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986)
L. Tsoukalis (ed.), Europe, America and the World Economy (Oxford: Blackwell, 1986)
R. Baldwin et al. (eds), Issues in US-EC Trade Relations (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
This issue has been taken up by a number of commentators. See, for example, the work of C. Fred Bergsten ‘Economic Imbalances and World Politics’, Foreign Affairs, 65(4), Spring 1987, 770–94
L. Thurstow, ‘America, Europe and Japan: A Time to Dismantle the World Economy’, The Economist, 9 November 1985, 21–6; The Economist, ‘America, Asia and Europe: The Pleasures of Three-Part Harmony’, 24 December 1988, 41–9. The GATT in particular is assessed by
For contrasting views on the events and their implications, see: M. T. Clarke and S. Serfaty (eds), New Thinking and Old Realities: America, Europe and Russia (Washington, D.C.: Seven Locks Press, 1991), esp. Ch. V
J. Palmer, Europe Without America (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)
S. Hoffmann, ‘The European Community and 1992’, Foreign Affairs, 68(4), Fall 1989, 27–47
W. Sandholtz and J. Zysman, ‘1992: Recasting the European Bargain’, World Politics, XLII (1), October 1989, 95–128.
P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988)
J. S. Nye, jr., Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power (New York: Basic Books, 1990)
H. R. Nau, The Myth of America’s Decline: Leading the World into the 1990s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
See Bergsten, ‘Economic Imbalances’, op. cit., and ‘The World Economy’, op. cit. On US trade strategies in general see, for example, R. Lawrence and C Schultze (eds), American Trade Strategy: Options for the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1990)
C. F. Bergsten, America in the World Economy: A Strategy for the 1990s (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1988). On the issue of free trade areas and regionalism, see
J. Schott (ed.), Free Trade Areas and US Trade Policy (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1989).
C. M. Aho and M. Levinson, ‘The Economy After Reagan’, Foreign Affairs, 67(2), Winter 1988/89, 10–25. The threat from Japan and others is emphasised in
C. Prestowitz, jr., Trading Places: How We Allowed Japan to Take the Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1988)
M. Tolchin and S. Tolchin, Buying Into America: How Foreign Money is Changing the Face of Our Nation (New York: Times Books, 1988). For arguments relating to specific sectors and issues see, for example
B. R. Inman and D. Burton, jr., ‘Technology and Competitiveness: The New Policy Frontier’, Foreign Affairs, 69(2), Spring 1990, 116–34
T. Moran, ‘International Economics and National Security’, Foreign Affairs, 67(5), Winter 1990/91, 74–90.
Willy de Clercq, ‘1992: Its Impact on the Outside World’, speech delivered in London, 12 July 1988; ‘1992: Europe World Partner’, EC Office of Press and Public Affairs, Washington, D.C., 20 October 1988. The shifting balance of attention between the internal and external aspects of the SMP can be traced in the following: The Economist, ‘Under Construction: Europe’s Internal Market’, Supplement, 8 July 1989; The Economist, ‘The European Community: An Expanding Universe’, Supplement, 7 July 1990. A sharp critique of the EC’s evolving policies can be found in D. Henderson, 1992: The External Dimension (London: Club of Thirty, 1989).
Hoffman, ‘The European Community and 1992’, op. cit.; Sandholtz and Zysman, ‘1992: Recasting the European Bargain’, op. cit.; Smith, ‘The Devil You Know…’ op. cit.. See also R. Hormats, ‘Redefining Europe and the Atlantic Link’, Foreign Affairs, 68(4), Fall 1989, pp. 71–91.
R. Vernon, ‘European Community 1992: Can the US Negotiate for Trade Equality?’ Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, 37(4), 1990, 9–16.
See the references cited in note 12. On the organisation of the US federal government, see K. Bonine, ‘US 1992: How the US Government is Preparing for the Single Market’, Europe, April 1990, 14–17.
E. Benoit, Europe at Sixes and Sevens: The Common Market, the Free Trade Area and the United States (New York: Columbia U.P., 1961)
L. Krause, European Economic Integration and the United States (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institute, 1968).
J.J. Servan-Schreiber, The American Challenge (New York: Atheneum, 1968).
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Smith, M. (1992). The United States and 1992: Responses to a Changing European Community. In: Redmond, J. (eds) The External Relations of the European Community. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22207-0_3
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