Abstract
In contrast to the influences we have analysed in the previous chapter, the Non-institutional forces that bear on British external Policy-making are much less easy to define or even to list. In some respects it is an overstatement to regard these influences as ‘Non-institutional’, since most things in political life have some sort of institutional base. Indeed, in the case of law — analysed in this chapter — the concern is explicitly to uphold political institutions. Nevertheless, the distinction is useful since it distinguishes between the accepted, stable, political and constitutional influences and those newer and more disparate influences whose impacts on the external Policy-making process, and the channels through which they are exercised, are a matter of some dispute, though they undoubtedly exist as powerful undercurrents. Given what we have said about the changing context in which British external relations now exist, it is entirely likely that such influences will prove to be of growing importance since they represent some of the more dynamic and subtle elements in the environment with which policy-makers have to deal.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
See, for example, Martin Burch and Bruce Wood, Public Policy in Britain (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1986)
Ian Budge and David McKay The Changing British Political System: Into the 1990s, 2nd. edn, (London: Longman, 1988).
David Coates, The Context of British Politics (London: Hutchinson, 1984), p.20.
See Barry Buzan, ‘Interdependence and British External Relations’, in Lawrence Freedman and Michael Clarke (eds), Britain in the World, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
Department of Trade and Industry, Manufacturing Into the Late 1990s (London: HMSO, 1989); ‘DTI Calls for a Revolution in Manufacturing’, The Financial Times, 29 November 1989, p.1.
In a report by KPMG Peat Marwick McLintock, reported in ‘Increasing Number of Firms Form Euro Links’, Independent, 22 January 1990, p.23.
Albert Bressand, ‘Beyond Interdependence: 1992 as a Global Challenge’, International Affairs, 66 (1) (1990), p. 59.
Michael Moran, Politics and Society in Britain (London: Macmillan, 1985), p.135.
Walter Eltis, ‘The Group of Five’, Review of Business Books, The Financial Times, 2 April 1990, p.ii.
Joe Rogaly, ‘Towards the Limits of Capitalism’, The Financial Times, 2 March 1990, p.21.
See Keith Middlemas, Power, Competition and the State, vol 2, Britain 1961–74 (London: Macmillan, 1990).
DeAnne Julius, Global Companies and Public Policy (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs/Frances Pinter 1990), pp. 10–13.
On the claims of the Levene reforms, see, Peter Levene, ‘Competition and Collaboration: UK Defence Procurement Policy’, Royal United Services Institute Journal, 132(2) (1987);
Ministry of Defence, Value for Money in Defence Equipment Procurement, Defence Open Government Document 83/01. For general reviews of the reforms see J. Moray Stewart, ‘Defence Procurement in Britain’, Royal United Services Institute Journal 133(4) (1988);
Gavin Kennedy, ‘Strains and Prospects in Defence Procurement’, Royal United Services Institute Journal, 134(2) (1989).
Trevor Taylor and Keith Hayward, The UK Defence Industrial Base (London: Brassey’s, 1989), pp. 9–13.
Philip Gummett and William Walker, ‘The Industrial and Technical Consequences of the Peace’, Royal United Services Institute Journal, 135(1) (1990).
William Walker and Philip Gummett, ‘Britain and the European Arms Market’, International Affairs, 5(3) (1989).
Frank Cooper, ‘Economists and Defence: The Views of a UK Practitioner’, Defence Economics, 1(1) (1990), pp. 79–82; see also Keith Hartley, Farooq Hussain and Ron Smith, ‘The UK Defence Industrial Base’, Political Quarterly, 58(1) (1987).
Trevor Taylor, ‘Defence Industries in International Relations’, Review of International Studies, 16(1) (1990), p. 72.
For older accounts of the way in which general public opinion reveals a stable consensus see David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1968), pp. 71–88.
William Wallace, The Foreign Policy Process in Britain (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs), 1975, pp. 113–17.
Ian Budge and David McKay, The Changing British Political System: Into the 1990s, 2nd edn (London: Longman, 1988), pp. 91–7.
See, for example, B. Sarlvik and I. Crewe, Decade of Dealignment: The Conservative Victory of 1979 and Electoral Trends in the 1970s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
R. Jowell and C. Airey, (eds), British Social Attitudes: The 1984 Report (London: Longman, 1984).
See, for example, Coates, op. cit.; Andrew Gamble, Britain in Decline, 2nd edn (London: Macmillan, 1985).
Tom Nairn, The Break-Up of Britain (London: New Left Books, 1977).
The other views are expressed in Colin Crouch, (ed.), State and Economy in Contemporary Capitalism (London: Croom Helm, 1979).
Christopher Tugendhat and William Wallace, Options for British Foreign Policy in the 1990s (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs/Routledge 1988), p.103.
David Buchan and John Wyles, ‘The Intolerance Threshold Nears’, The Financial Times, 12 March 1990, p.14.
Martin Harrop, ‘Voting and the Electorate’, in Henry Drucker, et al. (eds), Developments in British Politics 2 (London: Macmillan, 1986), pp. 58–9.
D.T. Studlar, ‘Non-White Policy Preferences, Political Participation and the Political Agenda in Britain’, in Zig Layton-Henry and P. Rich (eds), Race, Government and Politics in Britain (London: Macmillan, 1986).
Christopher Farrands, ‘State, Society and Culture’, in Michael Smith, Steve Smith and Brian White (eds), British Foreign Policy: Tradition, Change and Transformation (London: Unwin Hyman, 1988).
Zig Layton-Henry, ‘The Black Electorate’, Contemporary Record 3(3) (1990), pp.24–5.
Gallup Poll reported in The Sunday Telegraph, 31 December 1989, p.11 and Harris Poll, reported in The Observer, 31 December 1989, p.3.
Mette MacRae, ‘London’s Standing in International Diplomacy’, International Affairs, 65(3) (1989), p.511.
David Capitanchik and Richard C. Eichenberg, Defence and Public Opinion (London: Royal Institute of International Affairs/Routledge & Kegan Paul 1983), pp. 10–14.
Ivor Crewe, ‘Britain: Two and a Half Cheers for the Atlantic Alliance’, in Gregory Flynn and Hans Rattinger (eds), The Public and Atlantic Defence (London: Croom Helm, 1985).
See, for example, MORI British Public Opinion, 5(9) (1983), p.6.; Crewe, op. cit., pp. 23–6.
Gregory Flynn, ‘Images of Security: Deterrence and Deliverance’, in Gregory Flynn, et al., Public Images of Western Security (Paris: Atlantic Institute, 1985), pp. 61–8.
MORI British Public Opinion, 8(9) (1986), p. 4; Crewe, op. cit., pp. 23–6.
Roger Jowell, Sharon Witherspoon and Lindsay Brook (eds), British Social Attitudes, 6th Report: Special International Report (Aldershot: Gower, 1989).
Gallup Poll reported in The Sunday Telegraph, 31 December 1989, p.11, and Harris Poll, reported in The Observer, 31 December 1989, p.3. See also, Edward Mortimer, ‘Is This Our Frontier?’, The Financial Times, 3 April 1990, p. 21.
Paul Taylor, ‘The European Communities and the Obligations of Membership: Claims and Counter Claims’, International Affairs 57(2), (1981), p. 243.
Stanley de Smith and Rodney Brazier, Constitutional and Administrative Law 6th edn (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1989), p. 428.
For a list of cases and judgements, see O Hood Phillips and Paul Jackson, O. Hood Phillips’ Constitutional and Administrative Law, 7th edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1987), pp. 427–9.
See also David Pannick, ‘Britain Fights Shy on Human Rights’, The Independent, 20 April 1990, p.17.
Juliet Lodge, ‘European Community Institutions’, Contemporary Record 3(3) (1990), p.7.
David Llewelyn, ‘The Sale and Transmission of Non-personal Data into England: The Legal Issues’, Computer Law and Practice, March/ April 1986, p. 119.
David Bradshaw, ‘Around the World in a Way That Pays’, The Financial Times, 19 January 1990, p. 15.
Jill Hills, ‘The Telecommunications Rich and Poor’, Third World Quarterly 12(2) (1990), pp. 72–3.
T. Murray Rankin, ‘Business Secrets Across International Borders: One Aspect of the Transborder Data Flow Debate’, Computer Law and Practice March/April 1986, p. 106.
A.V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th edn (London: Macmillan, 1959). See also, Paul Taylor, op. cit.
Geoffrey Howe, ‘The European Communities Act 1972’, International Affairs, 49(1) (1973), pp. 1–13.
P.F. Smith and S.H. Bailey, The Modern English Legal System (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1984), pp. 224–30.
Frank E.C. Gregory, Dilemmas of Government: Britain and the European Community (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1983), p. 44.
Quoted in Geoffrey Lock, ‘The 1689 Bill of Rights’, Political Studies 37(4) (1989), p. 555.
Copyright information
© 1992 Royal Institute of International Affairs
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Clarke, M. (1992). Non-institutional Influences on External Policy-making. In: British External Policy-making in the 1990s. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22122-6_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22122-6_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-57056-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-22122-6
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)