Abstract
Mary Wollstonecraft was a Revolutionary feminist — an advocate of the rights or claims of women in a specific revolutionary situation. There were two related aspects of that situation: the French Revolution and the cultural revolution that founded the modern state in Britain.1 Many cultural revolutionaries in Britain saw the Revolution in France, at least in its early stages, as an example of what they themselves could achieve. But the British cultural revolution was itself a field of struggle in which the fortunes of various contestants, including Revolutionary feminism, were influenced by the changing course of the French Revolution. Paradoxically, the Revolution soon turned against feminists in France, yet it was also used as a reason to reject feminism, along with other forms of ‘innovation’ or ‘French principles’, in Britain.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
On cultural revolution and state formation, see Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985)
Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)
Joan Cocks, The Oppositional Imagination: Feminism, Critique and Political Theory (London and New York: Routledge, 1989)
Philippa Levine, Victorian Feminism, 1850–1900 (London: Hutchinson, 1987) p. 14.
See, for example, Anne M. Haselkorn and Betty Travitsky (eds), The Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing the Canon (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990)
Elaine Hobby, Virtue of Necessity: English Women’s Writing, 1649–88 (London: Virago Press, 1988)
Katharine M. Rogers, Feminism in Eighteenth-Century England (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press; Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1982)
Alice Browne, The Eighteenth-Century Feminist Mind (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1987).
Mary Poovey, The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and fane Austen (Chicago, Ill. and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984)
For a review of the problems of definition and a survey of accounts of class in this period, see R. J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780–1850 (London: Macmillan, 1979)
R. S. Neale, Class in English History, 1680–1850 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981).
Gordon E. Mingay, The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class (London and New York: Longman, 1976)
Lawrence Stone and Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone, An Open Elite? England, 1540–1880, abridged edn (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
Geoffrey Holmes, Augustan England: Professions, State and Society, 1680–1730 (London and Boston Mass.: George Allen and Unwin, 1983)
Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780–1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1969) pp. 213–17
Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989)
Penelope J. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns, 1700–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).
Alan D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740–1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1976).
For an account of the process in Scotland, see Charles Camic, Experience and Enlightenment: Socialization for Cultural Change in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1983).
Wilfred Prest (ed.), The Professions in Early Modern England (London: Croom Helm, 1987).
Edward P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present, vol. 50 (Feb. 1971) pp. 76–136
Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)
Bob Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England, 1700–1880 (London: Junction Books, 1982).
On the 1790s, see Carl B. Cone, The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968)
Albert Goodwin, The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution (London: Hutchinson, 1979).
For a brief survey of the social position of women, see Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, rev. edn (London: Penguin Books, 1990) pp. 21–34.
Neale, Class in English History, pp. 199–200. See also Joan Kelly, Women, History, and Theory (Chicago, Ill. and London: Chicago University Press, 1984) pp. 1–18
Christine Delphy, Close to Home: A Materialist Analysis of Women’s Oppression, trans. Diana Leonard (London: Hutchinson, with The Explorations in Feminism Collective, 1984) pp. 71–6
Pamela Abbott and Roger Sapsford, Women and Social Class (London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987).
Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850 (1930; London: Virago, 1969).
See Nancy Armstrong, ‘The Rise of Domestic Woman’, in The Ideology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp. 96–141.
Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London: Hutchinson, 1982); Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700–1820 (London: Fontana, 1985)
Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).
John Feather, A History of British Publishing (London and New York: Routledge, 1988) Part 2.
Devendra P. Varma, The Evergreen Tree of Diabolical Knowledge (Washington, D.C.: Consortium Press, 1972).
Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London: Duckworth, 1986).
Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
See J. W. Saunders, The Profession of English Letters (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964)
See Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982) pp. 178–9
François Furet and Jacques Ozouf, Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry, English trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1982) p. 310
Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton (eds), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).
Stephen D. Cox, ‘The Stranger Within Thee’: Concepts of the Self in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature (Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980).
On court culture, see Norbert Elias, The Court Society, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983).
See Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Glasgow: Fontana/Croom Helm, 1976).
Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, The Family, and Personal Life, rev. edn (New York: Harper and Row, 1986)
Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979)
Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Academic Press, 1978)
Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London: Hutchinson, 1987)
Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby (eds), A History of Private Life, vol. 3, Passions of the Renaissance, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1989).
On the place of needlework in the construction of femininity, see Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (New York: Routledge, 1984)
Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1987).
‘Woman’ is now thought to indicate an essentialist view of women, in contrast to a ‘materialisf’ view that treats women and the gender category ‘woman’ as socially and historically specific. See Annette Kuhn and AnnMarie Wolpe (eds), Feminism and Materialism: Women and Modes of Production (London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978)
Denise Riley, ‘Am I That Name?’: Feminism and the Category of ‘Women’ in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1988)
See John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)
See Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United States, 1780–1860 (London: Macmillan, 1985)
Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ in Western Philosophy (London: Methuen, 1984).
See Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981)
See Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, ch. 7; Jean Bethke Elshtain, Meditations on Modern Political Thought: Masculine/Feminine Themes from Luther to Arendt (New York: Praeger, 1986) pp. 46–7.
Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979) p. 404.
Nancy Armstrong, ‘The Rise of Domestic Woman’, in The Ideology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp. 96–141
Joyce Hemlow, ‘Fanny Burney and the Courtesy Books’, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, vol. 65 (1950) pp. 732–61.
See Peter Berger, The Social Reality of Religion (1967; Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1973).
Paul Hoffmann, La Femme dans la pensée des lumières (Paris: Ophrys, 1977)
Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).
For ‘an attempt at definition’ of Sensibility, see R. F. Brissenden, Virtue in Distress: Studies in the Novel of Sentiment from Richardson to Sade (London: Macmillan, 1974) pp. 11–55
Margaret Walters, ‘The Rights and Wrongs of Women: Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Martineau, Simone de Beauvoir’, in The Rights and Wrongs of Women, ed. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1976) p. 305.
On discourse and power, see Diane Macdonell, Theories of Discourse: An Introduction (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986).
Margaret Homans, Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-Century Women’s Writing (Chicago, Ill., and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
Virginia Woolf, Women and Writing, ed. Michèle Barrett (London: Women’s Press, 1979) p. 98
Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (London and New York: Methuen, 1985) p. 64.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1992 Gary Donald Kelly
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kelly, G. (1992). Gender, Class and Cultural Revolution. In: Revolutionary Feminism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22063-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22063-2_1
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-22065-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-22063-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Religion & Philosophy CollectionPhilosophy and Religion (R0)