Skip to main content

Gender, Class and Cultural Revolution

  • Chapter
Revolutionary Feminism

Abstract

Mary Wollstonecraft was a Revolutionary feminist — an advocate of the rights or claims of women in a specific revolutionary situation. There were two related aspects of that situation: the French Revolution and the cultural revolution that founded the modern state in Britain.1 Many cultural revolutionaries in Britain saw the Revolution in France, at least in its early stages, as an example of what they themselves could achieve. But the British cultural revolution was itself a field of struggle in which the fortunes of various contestants, including Revolutionary feminism, were influenced by the changing course of the French Revolution. Paradoxically, the Revolution soon turned against feminists in France, yet it was also used as a reason to reject feminism, along with other forms of ‘innovation’ or ‘French principles’, in Britain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. On cultural revolution and state formation, see Philip Corrigan and Derek Sayer, The Great Arch: English State Formation as Cultural Revolution (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  2. Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Joan Cocks, The Oppositional Imagination: Feminism, Critique and Political Theory (London and New York: Routledge, 1989)

    Google Scholar 

  4. Philippa Levine, Victorian Feminism, 1850–1900 (London: Hutchinson, 1987) p. 14.

    Google Scholar 

  5. See, for example, Anne M. Haselkorn and Betty Travitsky (eds), The Renaissance Englishwoman in Print: Counterbalancing the Canon (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1990)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Elaine Hobby, Virtue of Necessity: English Women’s Writing, 1649–88 (London: Virago Press, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Katharine M. Rogers, Feminism in Eighteenth-Century England (Brighton, Sussex: Harvester Press; Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 1982)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Alice Browne, The Eighteenth-Century Feminist Mind (Detroit, Mich.: Wayne State University Press, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Mary Poovey, The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and fane Austen (Chicago, Ill. and London: University of Chicago Press, 1984)

    Google Scholar 

  10. For a review of the problems of definition and a survey of accounts of class in this period, see R. J. Morris, Class and Class Consciousness in the Industrial Revolution, 1780–1850 (London: Macmillan, 1979)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  11. R. S. Neale, Class in English History, 1680–1850 (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gordon E. Mingay, The Gentry: The Rise and Fall of a Ruling Class (London and New York: Longman, 1976)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Lawrence Stone and Jeanne C. Fawtier Stone, An Open Elite? England, 1540–1880, abridged edn (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Geoffrey Holmes, Augustan England: Professions, State and Society, 1680–1730 (London and Boston Mass.: George Allen and Unwin, 1983)

    Google Scholar 

  15. Harold Perkin, The Origins of Modern English Society, 1780–1880 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto and Buffalo: University of Toronto Press, 1969) pp. 213–17

    Book  Google Scholar 

  16. Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London and New York: Routledge, 1989)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  17. Penelope J. Corfield, The Impact of English Towns, 1700–1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  18. Alan D. Gilbert, Religion and Society in Industrial England: Church, Chapel and Social Change, 1740–1914 (London and New York: Longman, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  19. For an account of the process in Scotland, see Charles Camic, Experience and Enlightenment: Socialization for Cultural Change in Eighteenth-Century Scotland (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Wilfred Prest (ed.), The Professions in Early Modern England (London: Croom Helm, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Edward P. Thompson, ‘The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century’, Past and Present, vol. 50 (Feb. 1971) pp. 76–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Robert W. Malcolmson, Popular Recreations in English Society, 1700–1850 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973)

    Google Scholar 

  23. Bob Bushaway, By Rite: Custom, Ceremony and Community in England, 1700–1880 (London: Junction Books, 1982).

    Google Scholar 

  24. On the 1790s, see Carl B. Cone, The English Jacobins: Reformers in Late 18th Century England (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Albert Goodwin, The Friends of Liberty: The English Democratic Movement in the Age of the French Revolution (London: Hutchinson, 1979).

    Google Scholar 

  26. For a brief survey of the social position of women, see Roy Porter, English Society in the Eighteenth Century, rev. edn (London: Penguin Books, 1990) pp. 21–34.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Neale, Class in English History, pp. 199–200. See also Joan Kelly, Women, History, and Theory (Chicago, Ill. and London: Chicago University Press, 1984) pp. 1–18

    Google Scholar 

  28. Christine Delphy, Close to Home: A Materialist Analysis of Women’s Oppression, trans. Diana Leonard (London: Hutchinson, with The Explorations in Feminism Collective, 1984) pp. 71–6

    Google Scholar 

  29. Pamela Abbott and Roger Sapsford, Women and Social Class (London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Ivy Pinchbeck, Women Workers and the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1850 (1930; London: Virago, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  31. See Nancy Armstrong, ‘The Rise of Domestic Woman’, in The Ideology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp. 96–141.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England (London: Hutchinson, 1982); Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures: Industry, Innovation and Work in Britain, 1700–1820 (London: Fontana, 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Colin Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  34. John Feather, A History of British Publishing (London and New York: Routledge, 1988) Part 2.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  35. Devendra P. Varma, The Evergreen Tree of Diabolical Knowledge (Washington, D.C.: Consortium Press, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  36. Anthony Grafton and Lisa Jardine, From Humanism to the Humanities: Education and the Liberal Arts in Fifteenth-and Sixteenth-Century Europe (London: Duckworth, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  37. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  38. See J. W. Saunders, The Profession of English Letters (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964)

    Google Scholar 

  39. See Walter J. Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London and New York: Methuen, 1982) pp. 178–9

    Book  Google Scholar 

  40. François Furet and Jacques Ozouf, Reading and Writing: Literacy in France from Calvin to Jules Ferry, English trans. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Paris: Éditions de la Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 1982) p. 310

    Google Scholar 

  41. Luther H. Martin, Huck Gutman, and Patrick H. Hutton (eds), Technologies of the Self: A Seminar with Michel Foucault (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Stephen D. Cox, ‘The Stranger Within Thee’: Concepts of the Self in Late Eighteenth-Century Literature (Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1980).

    Google Scholar 

  43. On court culture, see Norbert Elias, The Court Society, trans. Edmund Jephcott (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  44. See Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (Glasgow: Fontana/Croom Helm, 1976).

    Google Scholar 

  45. Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, The Family, and Personal Life, rev. edn (New York: Harper and Row, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979)

    Google Scholar 

  47. Randolph Trumbach, The Rise of the Egalitarian Family: Aristocratic Kinship and Domestic Relations in Eighteenth-Century England (New York: Academic Press, 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Leonore Davidoff and Catherine Hall, Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780–1850 (London: Hutchinson, 1987)

    Google Scholar 

  49. Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby (eds), A History of Private Life, vol. 3, Passions of the Renaissance, trans. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  50. On the place of needlework in the construction of femininity, see Rozsika Parker, The Subversive Stitch: Embroidery and the Making of the Feminine (New York: Routledge, 1984)

    Google Scholar 

  51. Gerald Newman, The Rise of English Nationalism: A Cultural History, 1740–1830 (New York: St Martin’s Press, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  52. ‘Woman’ is now thought to indicate an essentialist view of women, in contrast to a ‘materialisf’ view that treats women and the gender category ‘woman’ as socially and historically specific. See Annette Kuhn and AnnMarie Wolpe (eds), Feminism and Materialism: Women and Modes of Production (London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978)

    Google Scholar 

  53. Denise Riley, ‘Am I That Name?’: Feminism and the Category of ‘Women’ in History (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 1988)

    Book  Google Scholar 

  54. See John Mullan, Sentiment and Sociability: The Language of Feeling in the Eighteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988)

    Google Scholar 

  55. See Jane Rendall, The Origins of Modern Feminism: Women in Britain, France and the United States, 1780–1860 (London: Macmillan, 1985)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ in Western Philosophy (London: Methuen, 1984).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  57. See Jean Bethke Elshtain, Public Man, Private Woman: Women in Social and Political Thought (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981)

    Google Scholar 

  58. See Campbell, The Romantic Ethic and the Spirit of Modern Consumerism, ch. 7; Jean Bethke Elshtain, Meditations on Modern Political Thought: Masculine/Feminine Themes from Luther to Arendt (New York: Praeger, 1986) pp. 46–7.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Lawrence Stone, The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800, abridged edn (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1979) p. 404.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Nancy Armstrong, ‘The Rise of Domestic Woman’, in The Ideology of Conduct: Essays in Literature and the History of Sexuality, ed. Nancy Armstrong and Leonard Tennenhouse (New York and London: Methuen, 1987) pp. 96–141

    Google Scholar 

  61. Joyce Hemlow, ‘Fanny Burney and the Courtesy Books’, Publications of the Modern Language Association of America, vol. 65 (1950) pp. 732–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. See Peter Berger, The Social Reality of Religion (1967; Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  63. Paul Hoffmann, La Femme dans la pensée des lumières (Paris: Ophrys, 1977)

    Google Scholar 

  64. Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987).

    Google Scholar 

  65. For ‘an attempt at definition’ of Sensibility, see R. F. Brissenden, Virtue in Distress: Studies in the Novel of Sentiment from Richardson to Sade (London: Macmillan, 1974) pp. 11–55

    Google Scholar 

  66. Margaret Walters, ‘The Rights and Wrongs of Women: Mary Wollstonecraft, Harriet Martineau, Simone de Beauvoir’, in The Rights and Wrongs of Women, ed. Juliet Mitchell and Ann Oakley (Harmondsworth, Middx: Penguin Books, 1976) p. 305.

    Google Scholar 

  67. On discourse and power, see Diane Macdonell, Theories of Discourse: An Introduction (Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Margaret Homans, Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth-Century Women’s Writing (Chicago, Ill., and London: University of Chicago Press, 1986).

    Google Scholar 

  69. Virginia Woolf, Women and Writing, ed. Michèle Barrett (London: Women’s Press, 1979) p. 98

    Google Scholar 

  70. Toril Moi, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (London and New York: Methuen, 1985) p. 64.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 1992 Gary Donald Kelly

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kelly, G. (1992). Gender, Class and Cultural Revolution. In: Revolutionary Feminism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22063-2_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics