Abstract
From the greatest of the European bureaucratic monarchies we pass to the greatest of the European aristocratic monarchies. From the relatively national Gabelle in France we move to the more dynastic Habsburg salt administration. Under this title we shall be concerned only with the Habsburgs of the east, the Habsburgs of Vienna. We shall be concerned for them throughout the long period from the battle of the Marchfield in 1278, which gave this dynasty of Suabian origin the duchies of Upper and Lower Austria and Styria, until the dissolution of the Habsburg state in 1918, though our primary focus will be on the making of the Habsburg state between 1500 and 1700 when salt administration was of the greatest significance.1 We shall not concern ourselves with the Habsburgs of the west, the Habsburgs of Brussels, Valladolid and Madrid, though during their briefer span from the battle of Nancy in 1477 to the death of Charles the Sufferer in 1700, they too conducted salt administration in Salins, Ibiza, Setubal etc. For them, masters of new worlds, salt was of relatively less significance than for their poorer cousins on the Danube or the Moldau.
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Notes
For this period of Habsburg history, we rely particularly on R. J. W. Evans, The Making of the Habsburg Monarchy 1550–1700 (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1979),
and on Victor-L Tapié, Monarchie et Peuples du Danube (Librairie Arthème Fayard, Paris, 1969). For salt and salt administration my leading authority is Rudolf Palme, Rechts-Wirtschafts und Sozial Geschichte der Inner alpinen Salzwerke bis zu deren Monopolisierung (Verlag Peter Lang, Frankfurt and Berne, 1983).
William M. Johnston, The Austrian Mind, An Intellectual and Social History1848–1938 (University of California, Berkeley, 1972) p. 48.
Chang Chien, A Plan for the Reform of the National Salt Administration (The National Review Office, Shanghai, 1913) pp. 35–36.
Jean Berenger, Finances et Absolutisme Autrichien dans La Seconde Moitié du XVII e siècle (Sorbonne, Paris, 1973).
Eckart Schremmer, ‘Saltmining and the Salt-trade: A State-Monopoly in the XVth-XVIIth centuries. A Case-study in Public Enterprise and Development in Austria and the South German States’, Journal of European Economic History, Vol. 8, (1979) pp. 291–312, p. 293.
Athanasius Kircher, Mundus Subterraneus (Amsterdam, 1665), Vol. I, p. 345, Vol. Proemium; also Vol. 1, pp. 38, 298.
Evans, pp. 361–2; N. J. Girardot, Myth and Meaning in Early Taoism, The Theme of Chaos (hun-tun) (University of California Press, Berkeley, 1983).
Janes M. Bak and Bela K. Kiraly (eds), From Hunyadi to Rákóczi, War and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Hungary (Brooklyn College Press, New York, 1982).
Otto Karmin, La Question du Sel pendant la Révolution (Paris, 1912). The French government considered handing the Pays de Salines over to Beust.
E. Rambot-Stilmant, ‘Une Tentative de monopole d’Etat: La Raffinerie d’Ostend, 1756–1770’, Contributions à L’Histoire économique et sociale, Brussels, Vol. 5, 1970, pp. 25–86.
Joel Mokyr, Industrialization in the Low Countries1795–1850 (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1976).
Archibald Little, The Far East (Oxford, 1905) p. 69.
Anton Einstberger, Hans de Witte, Finanzmann Wallensteins, Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozial- und Wirtschaftgeschichte, Beiheft (Cologne, 1954).
Evans, pp. 136, 220; Anton Gindely, Gegenreformation in Böhmen (Duncker and Humblott, Leipzig, 1894) pp. 307–26.
Renée Simon (ed.), Le P. Antoine Gaubil S. J. Correspondence de Pékin 1722–1759 (Librairie Droz, Geneva, 1970) pp. 576, 696, 761.
Heinrich Ritler von Srbik, Studien zur Geschichte des Osterreichischen Salzwesens (Innsbruck, 1917).
Hermann Schreiber, The History of Roads, From Amber Route to Motorway (Barrie & Rockliff, London, 1951) p. 261.
John Stoye, The Siege of Vienna (Collins, London, 1964) p. 115.
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© 1992 S. A. M. Adshead
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Adshead, S.A.M. (1992). The Habsburg Salt Administration. In: Salt and Civilization. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21841-7_9
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