Skip to main content

Late Tradition, Early Modernity

  • Chapter
Salt and Civilization
  • 81 Accesses

Abstract

In salt, as in other things, the period 1500 to 1800 looked both ways: back to tradition and forward to modernity. On the one hand, a whole premodern ecology, elaborated, developed and refined from antiquity, reached maturity and won its last triumphs. On the other hand, there appeared the shoots of a new ecology which were already providing the firstfruits of a different harvest. In production, controlled solar evaporation extended its by now ancient empire, but coal and natural gas also expanded their newer kingdoms. In distribution, the sailing ship remained dominant and reached new technical perfections, but it now sailed regularly on the ocean as well as seas, rivers and canals. In consumption, alimentary demand retained its primacy, but diet patterns were changing and a fresh market opened with the first stirrings of industrial chemistry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. J. J. L. Ratton, A Handbook of Common Salt (Madras, 1877).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, Les Paysans de Languedoc, S.E.V. P.E.N., 2 vols (Paris, 1966) p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Jean-Louis Flandrin, ‘Le Goût et la Nécessité: sur l’usage des graisses dans les cuisines d’Europe occidentale (XIV-XVIIIe siècle)’, Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 38:2 (March–April 1983) pp. 269–401.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gérard Sivéry, ‘Les profits de l’eleveur et du cultivateur dans le Hainaut à la fin du Moyen Age’, Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 31:3 (May–June 1976) pp. 604–630;

    Google Scholar 

  5. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, ‘L’Evolution des techniques agricoles en Flandre et en Brabant, XIV-XVI siècle’, Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 36:3 (May–June 1981) pp. 362–81;

    Google Scholar 

  6. Paul Servais, ‘Les structures agraires du Limbourg et des pays d’Outre-Meuse du XVIIe au XIXe siècle’, Annales, Economies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 37:2, (March–April 1982) pp. 303–19;

    Google Scholar 

  7. Marie-Jeanne Tits-Dieuaide, ‘Les Campagnes Flamandes du XIIIe au XVKIIIe siècle ou les succes d’une agriculture traditionaelle’, Annales Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 39:3 (May–June 1984) pp. 590–610.

    Google Scholar 

  8. H. G. Koenigsberger, The Government of Sicily under Philip II of Spain (Staples Press, London and New York, 1951).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Pierre Chaunu, Séville et L’Atlantique, Vol. VIII, part one, (S.E.V.P.E.N., Paris, 1959) p. 607.

    Google Scholar 

  10. H. van der Wee, The Growth of the Antwerp Market and the European Economy, 3 vols (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1963).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fernand Braudel, Civilisation matérielle, Économie et capitalisme, XV e -XVIII e siècle, 3 vols (Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1979) Vol. III, Le Temps du Monde, p. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  12. J. A. Goris, Etude sur les Colonies Marchandes Meridionales (Portugais, Espagnols, Italiens) à Anvers de 1488 à 1567, Contribution à L’Histoire des Débuts du Capitalisme Hoderne, (Librairie Universitaire, Louvain, 1925) pp. 465–77.

    Google Scholar 

  13. D. W. Davies, A Primer of Dutch Seventeenth Century Overseas Trade (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1961);

    Book  Google Scholar 

  14. Aksel E. Christensen, Dutch Trade to the Baltic about 1600 (Einar Munksgaard and Martinus Nijhoff, Copenhagen and The Hague, 1941).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Albert F. Calvert, Salt in Cheshire (Spon and Chamberlain, London and New York, 1915);

    Google Scholar 

  16. Brian Didsbury, ‘Cheshire Saltworkers’, in Raphael Samuel (ed.), Miners, Quarrymen and Saltworkers (Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1977) pp. 138–203.

    Google Scholar 

  17. J. U. Nef, The Rise of the British Coal Industry, 2 vols (George Routledge, London, 1932);

    Google Scholar 

  18. Joyce Ellis, ‘The Decline and Fall of the Tyneside Salt Industry 1660–1790, A Reexamination’, The Economic History Review, Second Series, Vol. XXXIII, No. 1 (February 1980) pp. 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Otto Karmin, La Question du Sel pendant La Révolution (Paris, 1912).

    Google Scholar 

  20. Marcel Delafosse and Claude Laveau, Le Commerce du Sel de Brouage aux XVII e et XVIII e siècles (Librairie Armand Colin, Paris, 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Marcel Blanchard, ‘Sel et Diplomatie en Savoie et dans les Cantons Suisses au XVIIe; et XVIIIe siècles’, Annales, Économies, Sociéts, Civilisation, 15:6 (November–December 1960) pp. 1076–92; Philippe Gern, ‘La Vente du Sel franc-comtois et lorrain aux cantons suisses au XVIIe siècle’ Cabourdin, pp. 391–403. Georges Livet, ‘La Suisse, Carrefour diplomatique de sels européens’, Cabourdin, pp. 405–33; Lucien Febvre, Philippe II et la Franche Comté (Flammarion, Paris) 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kuno Ulshöfer and Herta Beutter (eds), Hall und das Salz, Beiträge zur hällischen Stadt und Salinengeschichte (Jan Thorbecke Verlag, Sigmaringen, 1983).

    Google Scholar 

  23. For early modern Wieliczka, see Diana Cooper-Richet, pp. 82–4; Multhauf, pp. 40–41, 74, 110–12, 118–19, 269–70; Bergier, p. 76; Antonina Keckova, ‘Polish Salt-Mines as a State Enterprise (XVII-XVIII centuries)’, Journal of European Economic History, 10(3) (1981) pp. 619–81.

    Google Scholar 

  24. John P. LeDonne, ‘Indirect Taxes in Catherine’s Russia; The Salt Code of 1781’, Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 23:2, 1975, pp. 161–90;

    Google Scholar 

  25. Mark Mancall, Russia and China, Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971) pp. 165–7, 176, 347–8;

    Google Scholar 

  26. R. E. F. Smith and David Christian, Bread and Salt, A Social and Economic History of Food and Drink in Russia (Cambridge University Press, 1984) pp. 27–73.

    Google Scholar 

  27. R. Mantran, Alexandre Bennigson etc., Le Khanat de Crimée dans les Archives du Musee du Palais de Topkapi (Mouton, Paris) 1978; Berger, pp. 8, 92–3.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Irfan Habib, The Agrarian System of Mughal India (1556–1707) (Aligarh Muslim University, Asia Publishing House, 1963); Ashton; Aggarwal, pp. 464, 488, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Gilbert Rozman, Urban Networks in Ch’ing China and Tokugawa Japan (Princeton University Press, 1973).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Francoise Sabban, ‘Le système des cuissons dans la tradition culinaire chinoise’, Annales, Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, 38:2 (March–April 1983), pp. 341–68; K. C. Chang, pp. 261–375.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Louise Stallard, The Szechuan and Hunan Cookbook (Sterling, New York, 1981).

    Google Scholar 

  32. M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz; Sarasin Viraphol, Tribute and Profit, Sino-Siamese Trade 1652–1853, Council on East Asian Studies (Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. and London, 1977).

    Google Scholar 

  33. S. A. M. Adshead, ‘An Energy Crisis in Early Modern China’, Ch’ing-shih wen-t’i, Vol. III, no. 2 (December 1974), pp. 20–28.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Yueh-tso chi-shih (Essentials of the Kwangtung salt administration) (Canton, 1927). I am grateful to Dr James Hayes for the gift of this valuable book and much other material and help in connection with the history of salt in Liang-kuang. See also Liang-kuang yen-fa-chih (Treatise on the salt laws of Liang-kuang) (Canton, 1884); S. Y. Lin, ‘Salt Manufacture in Hong Kong’, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 7 (1967) pp. 138–51.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tao-chang Chiang, ‘The Production of Salt in China, 1644–1911’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 66, no. 4 (December 1976) pp. 516–30, p. 526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Ferdinand von Richthofen, Baron Richthofen’s Letters 1870–1872, North China Herald office (Shanghai, 1903) p. 135.

    Google Scholar 

  37. S. A. M. Adshead, ‘Compensatory Urbanism and Dominant Rurality: Hotung Salt Division under the Late Empire and Early Republic’, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1982 (Asian Research Service, Hong Kong, 1982) pp. 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  38. S. A. M. Adshead, ‘Ch’ang-lu Salt Division: Bureaucracy and Modernization’, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1983 (Asian Research Service, Hong Kong, 1983) pp. 9–15; Yen-cheng tsa-chih (Salt administration magazine), (Peking, 1912–1915) nos 16–19.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Pierre-Etienne Will, ‘Un cycle hydraulique en Chine: la province de Hubei du XVIe au XIXe siècles’, Bulletin de l’Ecole Francaise d’Extreme Orient, 68 (1980) pp. 261–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Alexander Hosie, ‘The Salt Production and Salt Revenue of China’, Nineteenth Century and After, 447, May 1914, pp. 1119–43, p. 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Thomas A. Metzger, ‘The Organizational Capabilities of the Ch’ing State in the Field of Commerce: The Liang-huai Salt Monopoly, 1740–1840’, in W. E. Willmott (ed.), Economic Organization in Chinese Society (Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1972) pp. 9–45, 417–19;

    Google Scholar 

  42. Jonathan D. Spence, Ts’ao Yin and the K’ang-hsi Emperor, Bondservant and Master (Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1966) Ch. 5, ‘Liang-huai Salt Administration’, pp. 166–212.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Thomas A. Metzger, The Internal Organization of Ch’ing Bureaucracy (Harvard University Press, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1973);

    Book  Google Scholar 

  44. William T. Rowe, Hankow, Commerce and Society in a Chinese City 1796–1889 (Stanford, 1984).

    Google Scholar 

  45. S. A. M. Adshead, ‘The Border Salt Trade in Northwest China, 1900–1950’, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Asian Studies, 1981 (Asian Research Service, Hong Kong, 1981) pp. 1–8; ‘Further Sources on the Otogh Salt Lakes’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. XLVI, part 2 (1983) pp. 333–5.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Copyright information

© 1992 S. A. M. Adshead

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Adshead, S.A.M. (1992). Late Tradition, Early Modernity. In: Salt and Civilization. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21841-7_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21841-7_5

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-21843-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-21841-7

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics