Abstract
In contrast to the experience of the first decade of European Political Cooperation, EPC in the 1980s has been characterised by ‘a more effective use of available instruments’ (Pijpers, et al., 1988b, p. 267). Despite this change, academic interest in EPC has produced few documented case-studies and limited empirical data. There are, of course, notable exceptions to this general criticism; in particular, the late 1980s has witnessed a renewed interest in EPC analysis (see Ginsberg, 1989; Holland, 1988a; Ifestos, 1987; Pijpers, et al., 1988a). However, even where case-studies exist, they have been largely confined to EC action in multilateral fora (such as the CSCE or UN), in the Middle-East, and in Southern Africa. With these exceptions, the empirical data on EPC is fragmented, predominantly impressionistic and typically non-comparative.
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Holland, M. (1991). Sanctions as an EPC Instrument. In: Holland, M. (eds) The Future of European Political Cooperation. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21752-6_10
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