Abstract
Liberal democracy emerged as a largely accidental combination of a new economic theory with a particular set of political arrangements; accidental in the sense of being neither foregone, nor originally intended. As the doctrines of economic liberalism were refined in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, there was nothing inevitable about the associated victory of parliamentary democracy. ‘Indeed it is unlikely that more than a very few people had any but the haziest notions as to what the words could mean or what kind of society might lie over the horizon’.1
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Notes and References
Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, 1967, 30.
W. A. Mackinnon, On the Rise, Progress, and Present State of Public Opinion in Great Britain and Other Parts of the World, 1828, 15.
Andrew Levine, Liberal Democracy: A Critique of its Theory, 1981, 3.
Anthony Arblaster, The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism, 1984, 85.
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Barrington Moore, Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy, 1967, 39.
See C.B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy, 1977, 44–76.
See F.A. Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty, 1960, and also his Road to Serfdom, 1944.
Dan Usher, The Economic Prerequisite to Democracy, 1981.
See E. S. Greenberg, ‘Liberal Culture and Capitalist Hegemony’, in M. J. G. McGrath, (ed.), Liberalism and the Modern Polity, 1978, 269.
Anthony Arblaster, The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism, 1984, 44.
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See, for example, H.F. Pitkin, The Concept of Representation, 1967.
See, for example, R.A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory, 1956, 6771, for a detailed description of the operational conditions held to be necessary for a democracy.
See Peter Bachrach, ‘Interest, Participation, and Democratic Theory’, in J. R. Pennock and J.W. Chapman (eds.), Participation in Politics, 1975, 39.
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D. W. Keim, ‘Participation in Contemporary Democratic Theories’, in J. R. Pennock and J.W. Chapman (eds.), Participation in Politics, 1975, 1.
Peter Bachrach, The Theory of Democratic Elitism, 1967, 4.
See, for example, G.A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture, 1965.
W. H. Riker, Liberalism Against Populism, 1982, xii.
John Plamenatz, Democracy and Illusion, 1973, 181.
Andrew Levine, Liberal Democracy: A Critique of its Theory, 1981, 1.
E. H. Carr, The New Society, 1951, 109. Note also, in a similar vein
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Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifestoof the Communist Party. Paging from H. J. Laski, Communist Manifesto: Socialist Landmark, 1967, 139.
Graham Wallas, Human Nature in Politics, 1908, 21.
See Anthony Arblaster, The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism, 1984, 326.
See Barry Holden, ‘Liberal Democracy and the Social Determination of Ideas’, in J. R. Pennock and J.W. Chapman (eds.), Liberal Democracy, 1983, 289–312.
Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action, 1971, 83.
See Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, 1922, 29.
Richard Rose, Influencing Voters: A Study in Campaign Rationality, 1967, 15. Note also
Cornelius O’Leary, The Elimination of Corrupt Practices in British Elections, 1868–1911, 1962.
D. J. Boorstin, ‘The Rhetoric of Democracy’, in Robert Atwan et al., American Mass Media, 1978, 42.
See Gabriel Marcel, Man Against Mass Society, 1985, 52.
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© 1991 Terence H. Qualter
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Qualter, T.H. (1991). The Liberal Democratic Ideal. In: Advertising and Democracy in the Mass Age. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21610-9_6
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