Abstract
British gunboat diplomacy in China, so redolent of the Palmer-stonian era, survived well into the twentieth century before being apparently laid to rest with the signing of the Sino-British agreement in January 1943. This symbolic act scrapped the remaining vestiges of those extraterritorial rights enjoyed by the British in China for more than a hundred years and brought the whole controversial system of the unequal treaties to what was thought by many to be a very timely end. When bolstered by the Moscow Declaration of December 1945, in which the great powers pledged themselves to a policy of non-interventionism in China and neutrality in the civil war between the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), the prospects for a revival of British gunboat activity in China appeared to be all but non-existent. Yet within three years of this historic foreign ministers meeting in the Russian capital, the British had decided to renege on their undertaking and revert to an admittedly limited use of their former extraterritorial privileges in Chinese waters.
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Notes
Minute by P. W. Scarlett on ‘British Shipping in China’, 26 February 1948, F3285/37/10, FO 371/69559;
For a glimpse of how British policy developed in this region in the late 1890s, see L. K. Young, British Policy in China (Oxford, 1970) pp. 2–8, 77–99, 160–192.
James Cable’s Gunboat Diplomacy 1919–1979 (London, 1981) establishes the theoretical axioms of the policy and gives a concise account of some of the later incidents, see, for instance, pp. 18, 25–6, 35–6, 38–9.
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© 1990 John B. Hattendorf and Malcolm H. Murfett
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Murfett, M.H. (1990). Old Habits Die Hard: The Return of British Warships to Chinese Waters after the Second World War. In: Hattendorf, J.B., Murfett, M.H. (eds) The Limitations of Military Power. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21023-7_9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21023-7_9
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
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