Abstract
An alliance is a formal contract that generates benefits for and places obligations on contracting parties. Nations often join alliances with specific objectives in view. The primary objectives of almost all participating states are either to secure and maximise desired gains or lessen their liabilities by sharing them with others. Undoubtedly nations ask themselves many questions like what would be the relative advantages of alignment vs. non-alignment and what cost would accrue from such participation before deciding to join the alliance. If the benefits from joining the prospective alliance or alliances outweigh the potential losses, then the chances of a nation joining an alliance are greater. ‘Alignment is neither imposed nor is it a consequence of imposition’, it is a calculated response of a nation to a peculiar set of circumstances that influences the decision-makers to seek the partnership or even protection of the others.1 The initiative for alliance could be undertaken either by a small power or by a major power depending upon the force of the factors experienced by the states involved.
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Notes
See J.W. Burton, ‘International Relations: A General Theory’ (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), p. 171.
See ‘Responsibilities of the United States in the Far East’ by Walter S. Robertson in Department of State Bulletin, 8 March 1954, pp. 348–51.
Ibid. Also see ‘Security Program for 1954 Presented to Congress’ by President Eisenhowever in Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 28, 25 May 1953, pp. 735–41.
See Jawaharlal Nehru’s selected speeches from 1946 to April 1961, Indian Foreign Policy (Bombay: Government of India’s Publication, 1961), pp. 87–9, 93–6, 471–76. Also see M. Ayub Khan, op. cit., pp. 127, 130–3.
See the National Intelligence Estimate of 30 June 1953 entitled ‘Probable developments in South Asia’ in FRUS, 1952–54, Vol. XI, op. cit., pp. 1072–88. Also see Charles Wolf Jr., Foreign Aid: Theory and Practice in Southern Asia (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1960), p. 204.
See Tahir-Kheli, op. cit., p. 4. Also see D.D. Campbell Pakistan, Emerging Democracy (Princeton, N.J.: Van. Nostrand C., Inc., 1963), p. 116.
See Tahir-Kheli, op. cit., pp. 6–7. Also see Mohammad, Ahsan Choudhri’s article ‘Foundation of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy’ in L.A. Sherwani, Pakistan: An Analysis (Karachi: Allies Book Corp. 1964), p. 20.
See Mohammad Ayub Khan, ‘The Pakistan-American Alliance: Stresses and Strains’ in Foreign Affairs, Vol. 42, January 1964, pp. 195–209.
See Robert Laport Jr., Power and Privilege: Influence and Decision Making in Pakistan (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), p. 25. Also see Pakistan Economic Survey, 1968–69 (Islamabad: Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, 1969), p. 180.
See Syed Adil Husain’s thesis entitled Politics of United States Foreign Aid to Pakistan (Ph.D. dissertation submitted to the University of Colorado in 1968), pp. 174–5.
Ibid. Tahir-Kheli. Also see Stephen Cohen, op. cit., p. 138. Also see Senator Donglas’ speech in Congressional Records Senate, Vol. 102, Part 5, 1956, pp. 6503–4.
See Robert Rothstein, Alliances and Small Powers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968). Quoted in Wriggins, op. cit., p. 311.
See M. Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters, op. cit., pp. 133–48. See G.W. Ghoudhury, op. cit., pp. 108–11. Also see Z.A. Bhutto, The Myth of Independence (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 62–8; Wriggins, op. cit., p. 316.
See Sangat Singh, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Appraisal (Lahore: Farhan Asia Publishers, 1977), p. 55. Also see Keesing’s Research Report entitled Pakistan: From 1947 to the Creation of Bangladesh (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1973), pp. 47–8. Also see Mr Nehru Answers Critics on Kashmir, A publication of the Information Service of India (London: India House, 1958), pp. 2–7. Also see the White Paper on the Jammu and Kashmir Dispute (Islamabad: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Pakistan, 1977), pp. 35–50.
See Kuldip Nayar, Distant Neighbours: A Tale of the Subcontinent (New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd. 1975), p. 59. Also see M. Ayub Khan, The Pakistan-American Alliance, op. cit., pp. 196–7.
See The Report on India by Ambassador George V. Allen, in the Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, 83rd Congress, Second Session, 12 May 1954.
See ‘The Soviet Union, Pakistan and India’ by Khalida Qureshi in Pakistan Horizon, Fourth Quarter, 1963, pp. 344–5.
See Harish Kapur, ‘India and the Soviet Union’ in Asian Survey, Winter 1971, p. 195. Also quoted in G.W. Choudhury, op. cit., p. 11.
See Dawn, 9 June 1949. Also see Mohammad Ahsen Chaudhri, ‘Pakistan and Soviet Bloc’ in the Pakistan Horizon, Vol. 9, June 1956, pp. 71–80.
See ‘Russia’s Role in Indo-Pak Policies’ by S.P. Set in Asian Survey, Vol. 9, August 1969, p. 614.
See Hasan Askari Rizvi, The Military and Politics in Pakistan (Lahore: Progressive Publishers, 1976), p. 56.
See Senator Morse’s speech in Congressional Record-Senate, Vol. 104, Part 2, 1958, pp. 1943–4.
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© 1990 Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema
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Cheema, P.I. (1990). Defence Policy III: Alliance Policy (Gains and Costs). In: Pakistan’s Defence Policy, 1947–58. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20942-2_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20942-2_5
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