Abstract
If we look at a map of the world and ask — Where is armed conflict going on? Where are populations growing fastest? Where is there the greatest poverty? — we discover that all maps coincide. Of the 120 armed conflicts taking place in 1987, all but four were in the so-called developing countries of the Third World. 1 Likewise, the highest rates of population growth are located in those same countries, and there also are found the lowest levels of literacy, of per capita income and of nutrition, and the highest levels of infant mortality and epidemic disease.
In Mexico, you must be either numb or very rich if you fail to notice that ‘development’ stinks. The damage to persons, the corruption of politics, and the degradation of nature which until recently were only implicit in ‘development,’ can now be seen, touched, and smelled. The causal connection between the loss of healthy environment and the loss of peasant solidarity … has now been documented by a new, expert establishment. The so-called crisis in Mexico has now provided the peasants and others with the opportunity to dismantle the goal of ‘development.’ Gustavo Esteva, 1987†
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Notes and References
Gustavo Esteva in S.H. Mendlovitz and R.B.J. Walker (eds), Towards a Just World Peace (London: Butterworths, 1987) p. 280.
B. Nietschmann, ‘The Third World War’, Cultural Survival Quarterly, 11(3) (1987) pp. 1–16.
L.S. Stavrianos, Global Rift: The Third World Comes of Age (New York: William Morrow, 1981) p. 53.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p.256. In his Chapter 13, ‘Era of Monopoly Capitalism and Global Colonialism’, (pp. 256–77), Stavrianos cogently links together the growth of capitalism and the growth of imperialism.
J.S. Saul (ed.), A Difficult Road: The Transition to Socialism in Mozambique (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985) p. 41.
T. Gladwin, Slaves of the White Myth: The Psychology of Neocolonialism (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Human Press, 1980) p. 45 f.
Saul, A Difficult Road, p. 45.
Gladwin, Slaves, pp. iv-v.
S. Wawrytko, ‘Chinese Philosophy on Its Way to the Twenty-First Century: Meeting the Challenge of Cultural Imperialism’, Proceedings of the First Conference in Chinese Philosophy, 1984 (Taichung, Taiwan: Tunghai University Press, 1985) pp. 715–36; quote is from pp. 716–17.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 118.
J. Robinson, Aspects of Development and Underdevelopment (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979) p. 103.
E. Easwaran, Gandhi the Man (Petaluma, CA: Nilgiri Press, 1978) pp. 76–81
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 39.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 80f.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 46.
Gladwin, Slaves, p. 8 f; Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 181 f.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 182.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 233.
V. Mehta, ‘Personal History’, New Yorker (22 August 1983) p. 39, pp. 44–50.
J.J. Boeke, The Structure of Netherlands Indian Economy (New York: International Secretariat, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1942) pp. 18–19.
Boeke, The Structure of Netherlands Indian Economy, p. 25.
Boeke, The Structure of Netherlands Indian Economy, p. 74.
Boeke, The Structure of Netherlands Indian Economy, p. 68.
Boeke, The Structure of Netherlands Indian Economy, p. 72.
J.F. Ade Ajayi and I. Espie, A Thousand Years of West African History (New York: Humanities Press, 1972) p. 256 f.
Nietschmann, ‘The Third World War’, p. 5 and p. 1.
Ajayi and Espie, A Thousand Years, end papers.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 38.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 274.
S.A. Hewlett, The Cruel Dilemma of Development: Twentieth Century Brazil (New York: Basic Books, 1980) p. 215 f.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 86 (dams); C.J. Lancaster, ‘Africa: Economics and Politics of Development’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists (September 1985) p. 27 (steel mills).
D. Avery, ‘U.S. Farm Dilemma: The Global Bad News Is Wrong’, Science 230 (1985) p. 411 (general preference for industrialisation over agricultural development).
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p.40.
J. Maynard Keynes, quoted in Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 33.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 33.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) IV TD 183, paragraph 13, quoted in Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 80.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 52.
E. Mortimer, Faith and Power: The Politics of Islam (New York: Vintage Books, Random House, 1982); see especially p. 293 f.
See also James A. Bill, ‘Resurgent Islam in the Persian Gulf’, Foreign Affairs (Fall 1984) pp. 108–27.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 68.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, pp. 73–4.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 61.
F.M. Lappé and J. Collins, Food First: Beyond the Myth of Scarcity (New York: Ballantine Books, 1978) p. 280 f; Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 444.
A. Dobrin, ‘The Vanishing Herds’, Food Monitor (May-June 1978) p. 23 (quoted by Stavrianos, Global Rift, pp. 676–7.)
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 88.
Hewlett, The Cruel Dilemma, p. 19; T.J. Thompson, II, ‘Commentary’, Multinational Monitor (February 1984) p. 9.
Gladwin, Slaves, p. 97, 98. See also R.J. Barnet and R.E. Müller, Global Reach: The Power of the Multinational Corporations (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974) p. 178.
J. Gay, ‘Sweet Darlings in the Media: How Foreign Corporations Sell Western Images of Women in the Third World’, Multinational Monitor (August 1983) pp. 19–21.
M. Clark, Contemporary Biology, 2nd edn (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1979) pp. 200, 398–9.
Lappé and Collins, Food First, p. 336f. See also Barnet and Müller, Global Reach, p. 183.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p.447.
W. Loehr and J.P. Powelson, Threat to Development: Pitfalls of the NIEO (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983) p. 157 f.
O.G. Wichard, ‘U.S. Direct Investment in 1979’, Survey of Current Business (August 1980) (Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce) pp. 16–37.
Loehr and Powelson, Threat to Development, p. 82 f.
C. Payer, The Debt Trap: The IMF and the Third World (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1974) pp. 215–16.
See also C. Payer, The World Bank: A Critical Analysis (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1982); Loehr and Powelson, Threat to Development, p. 96 f.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 674. He describes the corrupt use of foreign aid by the US-backed dictator of Zaire, Joseph Mobutu.
J.W. Mellor, The New Economics of Growth: A Strategy for India and the Developing World (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1976).
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 93.
H.H. Humphrey, quoted by Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 443.
Stavrianos, Global Rift, p. 442 f.
Robinson, Aspects of Development Table, p. 93.
Payer, The Debt Trap, pp. ix—xi; quote from p. ix.
‘The Buck Never Stops: International Lending Out of Control’, Dollars & Sense (December 1982).
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 97 f.
N. Chomsky, On Power and Ideology (Boston: South End Press, 1986) p. 7.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 88 f.
These points are elaborated in the following: H.M. Wachtel, The Money Mandarins: The Making of a New Supranational Economic Order (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
H.M. Watchel, ‘The Global Funny Money Game’, The Nation (26 December 1987) pp. 784–90.
W.R. Mead, ‘After Hegemony’, New Perspectives Quarterly (Fall 1987) pp. 42–7. Significantly, in the late 1980s, the World Bank, recognising the general failure of past investments in developing countries, has begun to give loans for environmentally and socially more sensitive projects.
T. Ratigan, former Peace Corps Volunteer, personal communication.
J. Macy, Dharma and Development: Religion as Resource in the Sarvodaya Self-Help Movement (West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press, 1983) p. 22 f. This offers good insight into how a religious worldview informs all human activities, including economics.
T. Vittachi, ‘Clues to Development in the Commonwealth Isles’, People (IPPF Review of Population and Development), 12 (4) (1985) pp. 4–6.
S.T. Umpleby, ‘World Population: Still Ahead of Schedule’, Science, 237 (1987) pp. 1555–6.
P. Harrison, ‘Land and People: A New Framework for the Food Security Equation’, Ceres, No. 98, Vol. 17(2) (March-April 1984), Centrepiece. This report was prepared for the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), based on the most recent LandSat and other global information on soil, climate, and crop yields, and the predicted populations in 2000 by region and by country.
Contrast this FAO report with a highly optimistic one sponsored by the Bureau of Intelligence and Research, US Department of State, which relies almost exclusively on World Bank assessments of global agricultural outputs and ignores both population growth and virtually all FAO and other United Nations data: K. Avery, ‘U.S. Farm Dilemma: The Global Bad News Is Wrong’, Science, 230 (1985) pp. 408–12.
C. Bolton and J.W. Leasure, ‘Political Development and Decline of Fertility in the West’, Article No. 11, pp. 84–102, in J.W. Leasure et al., Population and the Social Sciences (San Diego, CA: San Diego State University Press, 1978).
See Population and Other Problems: China Today (1) pamphlet published by Beijing Review China Publications Centre, P.O. Box 339, Beijing, China (1981) pp. 7–33. In addition to economic incentives, powerful peer pressure is brought to bear on Chinese women; those pregnant with a second child are strongly urged by friends and co-workers to seek abortion. Bearing too many children is now considered socially irresponsible.
J.R. Weeks, Population: An Introduction to Concepts and Issues (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1981) p. 361.
Reported by S. Rosenhause, ‘India Taking Drastic Birth Control Step’, Los Angeles Times (25 September 1976) (quoted in Weeks, Population, p. 357). Nearly a decade later, both birth and death rates have declined only marginally, leaving the doubling time unaffected. Shortly after the year 2000, India’s population will overtake that of China. In 1985 Prime Minister Rajiv Ghandi announced a ‘war’ on fertility, with major monetary incentives for two-child families and sterilisation (Popline (May 1985) pp. 1–2).
M. Kendall, ‘The World Fertility Survey: Current Status and Findings’, Population Reports (Population Information Program of Johns Hopkins University, M-3 (July 1979)).
Vittachi, ‘Clues to Development’, pp. 4–6.
Robinson, Aspects of Development, p. 98.
Macy, Dharma and Development, p. 74. For other works on self-reliant development, see J. Galtung, P. O’Brien and R. Preiswerk (eds), Self-Reliance: A Strategy for Development (Geneva: Institute of Development Studies, 1980).
O. Giarini, Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare: An Alternative View of World Capital Formation (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1980). Both books make the point that ‘wealth’ comprises not only matter-energy, per se, nor even the technical knowledge of how to coopt it for human use, but the wisdom to make such use serve, not dominate, the diversity of cultural values that humans have evolved.
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© 1989 Mark E. Clark
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Clark, M.E. (1989). Defusing the Global Powder Keg. In: Ariadne’s Thread. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20077-1_13
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