Abstract
In the eighteenth century, many Dutch cities had anatomy theatres, with collections of misformed babies preserved in alcohol, stuffed animals and human skeletons. The theatre in Rotterdam acquired a rather grotesque attraction around the middle of this century: the prepared and stuffed skin of a woman called Aal the Dragoon. This was placed, sword in hand, upon the carcass of a horse. Aal had served as a dragoon for many years when she was stabbed by a fellow soldier in a fight over a game of cards. The fact that her body was subsequently put at the disposal of medical science and that her remains were thereafter to serve the purposes of instruction must be considered posthumous punishment, because only the most serious cases among criminals were denied burial at the time.
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Notes
On Amsterdam see Sjoerd Faber, Strafrechtspleging en criminaliteit te Amsterdam, 1680–1811: De nieuwe menslievendheid? (Arnhem: Gouda Quint, 1983);
Cf. Pieter Spierenburg, The Spectacle of Suffering. Executions and the Evolution of Repression: from a Preindustrial Metropolis to the European Experience (Cambridge University Press, 1984).
Van der Meer, Wesentlijke sonde, pp. 36–49; Jean Papon, Receuil d’arrests notables des cours souveraines de France (Geneva, 1622) pp. 1257–8.
Pieter Spierenburg, judicial Violence in the Dutch Republic; Corporal Punishment, Excutions and Torture in Amsterdam, 1650–1750 (Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1978).
Rudolf Dekker and Lotte C. van de Pol, ‘Wat hoort men niet al vreemde dingen…’, Spiegel Historiael, 17 (1982) pp. 486–94;
Fred Martin, ‘De liedjeszanger als massamedium: Straatzangers in de achttiende en negentiende eeuw’, Tijdschrift voor Geschiedenis, 97 (1984) pp. 422–47.
Scheurleer, Van varen, III, p. 351; R. F. Rammelman, ‘Matroosliedere op die Kaapvaart in die 17e en 18e eeu’, Kwartaalblad van die Suid-Afrikaanse Bibliotheek, 15 (1961) pp. 12–17, p. 14.
J. van Lennep, Zeemanswoordenboek (Amsterdam, 1856) p. 75.
Fridericus Spanheimius, De papa foemina inter Leonem IV et Benedictum III: Disquisitio historien (Leiden: Johannes Verbessel, 1691).
Fr. Esauz, Christelick tresoirtjen (Amsterdam, 1645) p. 60.
Simon de Vries, D’eedelste tijdkorting der weetgierige verstanden of de groote historische rariteitenkamer (Amsterdam, 1682) I, p. 119.
Wiel Kusters, ‘Over het aantrekken van een broek’, De Revisor, 5 (1978) pp. 50–5.
This count is based on M. Buisman, Populaire prozaschrijvers van 1600 tot 1815 (Amsterdam, 1959).
The oldest travesty novel dates from 1624: E. K. Grootes et al. (eds), Wonderlicke avontuer van twee goelieven (Muiderberg: Coutinho, 1984).
A. G.1. m., De wonderlijke reisgevallen van Maria Kinkons. Beheizende in zig haare geboorte, de geheime vlugt van haar ouders, haar ontmoetingen onder een mannelijk gewaad, zo te land als te zee enz. (Harlingen: Bouwe Schiere, 1759).
P.J. Buynsters, ‘Petrus Lievens Kersteman, een achttiende eeuwse romanschrijver’ in H. Heestermans (ed.), Opstellen door vrienden en vakgenoten aangeboden aan C. H. A. Kruyskamp (’s Gravenhage, 1977) pp. 29–41.
See for titles: Chapter 1, notes 2 and 3, Chapter 3 notes 10 and 23, Chapter 5 note 36. For Germany, see Jeanine Blackwell, ‘An Island of Her Own: Heroines of the German Robinsonades from 1720 to 1800’, The German Quarterly, 58 (1985) pp. 5–26.
Also: Estelle Jelinek, ‘Disguise Autobiographies: ‘Women Masquerading as Men’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 10 (1987) pp. 53–62.
Alfred Holtmont, Die Hosenrolle. Das Weib als Man (München: Jessen Verlag, 1925);
cf. Simon Shepherd, Amazons and Warrior Women. Varieties of Feminism in Seventeenth Century Drama (Brighton: Harvester Press, 1981);
Melveena McKendrick, Woman and Society in the Spanish Drama of the Golden Age: a Study of the Mujer Varonil (Cambridge University Press, 1974).
C. Huygens’ Trijntje Cornelisdr., ed. H. J. Eymael (Zutphen: W.J. Thieme, s.a.), p. 57. Cf. Jacobus van Vergelo, De Kryghsgesinde dochter (Dendermonde: Jacobus J. Ducau, ca 1735) first edn 1670. Kenau Simons Hasselaar was made the heroine of several plays: Steven van der Lust, Herstelde hongersdwangh (Haarlem: Korn. Themisz. Kas, 1660);
Willem Hessen, Beleegering van Haarlem (Haarlem: Iz. van Hulkenroy, 1739) (first edn 1689).
John Harold Wilson, All the King’s Ladies: Actresses of the Restoration (University of Chicago Press, 1958) p. 73.
See Chapter 2, note 3 and Chapter 3, note 20 and Chapter 5 note 38. Kathleen Crawford, The Transvestite Heroine in Seventeenth-Century Popular Literature (Harvard University Press, 1984) could not be obtained by the authors.
Taco K. Looijen, leder is hier vervuld van zijn voordeel. Amsterdam in de ogen van buitenlanders (Amsterdam: Peter van der Velden, 1981) p. 65.
(Hannah Snell), The Female Soldier; or the Surprising Life and Adventures of Hannah Snell (London: R. Walker, 1750). Repr. Dowie, pp. 57–181.
Dutch translation: De vrouwelyke soldaat of de verbazende levensgevallen van Anna Snel (Amsterdam: Gerrit de Groot, 1750). This autobiography is based upon reality, see S. Monnier, ‘Travestie in de populaire literatuur in de achttiende eeuw’, unpublished paper, 1979, Documentatiecentrum Nederlandse Literatuur, Universiteit van Amsterdam; Cf. Dictionary of National Biography LIII (1898) pp. 205–6.
David Kunzle, ‘World Upside Down: The Iconography of a European Broadsheet Type’, in Babcock (ed.), Reversible World, pp. 39–95.
Many Dutch prints are reproduced in F. van Veen, Dutch Catch Penny Prints: Three Centuries of Pictural Broadsides for Children (The Hague: Van Hoeven, 1971). See further on the theme of cross-dressing: Davis, ‘Women on top’;
Jean Delumeau, Le pèche et la peur: La culpabilisation en Occident (XV He- XVllle siècles) (Paris: Fayard, 1983), p. 143–53;
Bob Scribner, ‘Reformation, Carnival and the World turned Upside-down’, Social History, 3 (1978) pp. 303–29;
Peter Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (New York: Haper & Row, 1978) pp. 185–91. Cf. Chapter 2, note 2.
Boxer, Mary and Misogyny, p. 80; Enciclopedia Universal Ilustrada EuropeoAmericana, XX (Bilbao: Espasa-Calpa, s.a.) pp. 412–13; Emile Laurent, ‘Psychologie feminine. Catalino de Erause, la Monja Alferez’, Archives d’Anthropologie Criminelle, 24 (1909) pp. 508–13. See also Chapter 1, note 2.
Ellen C. Clayton, Female warriors: Memorials of Female Valour and Heroism, from the Mythological Ages to the Present Era, 2 vols (London: Tinsley Bros., 1879), II, p. 23 etc.; The Life and Adventures of Mrs. Christian Davies commonly called Mother Ross, who, in several campaigns under King William and the late Duke of Marlborough in the quality of a foot soldier and dragoon gave many signal proofs of an unparallell’d courage and personal bravery, Taken from her own mouth when a pensioner of Chelsea-Hospital (London: R. Montagu, 1740); several times reprinted, see also:
Dowie, Women adventurers pp. 199–288, p. 179.
Theatrum Europaeum XV, p. 77; John Laffin, Women in Battle (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1967) p. 26, cf. p. 21.
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© 1989 Rudolph M. Dekker and Lotte C. van de Pol
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Dekker, R.M., van de Pol, L.C. (1989). Condemnation and Praise. In: The Tradition of Female Transvestism in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19752-1_5
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