Abstract
While I was detained in Amsterdam, I made by chance the acquaintance of a certain Willempje Gerrits of Emden, who had recently fought in the battle of Funen in Denmark, dressed in male attire; there, she had behaved herself so valiantly, according to the witness of the menfolk present at this battle with her, that she served as an example to others. This maid earned her bed and board by doing scullery work, or if she found no work of this kind, with spinning, but this was so against her spirit, that she repeatedly professed a fierce passion for war and only waited for a propitious moment to surrender once again to that bloody trade. Because I thought I could choose no better companion, I went to her house, where I found her seated at the spinning wheel. ‘How sorry a sight’, I said, ‘to see you sitting here and spinning, while the drum is being beaten! Hurl the wheel into the fire and go into service again!.’ As I spoke these words to her, I saw a small axe which was used to cut peat whereupon I so dispatched the household devil, that it could never again be used by anyone. ‘What is to be done now?’ said Willempje, ‘you have hewn the wheel into pieces, but I have no money to buy men’s clothing, without which you know I can never be taken on.’ ‘That is a small scruple,’ I said, ‘I have still enough money to buy an old suit and once we have that, we shall sell this woman’s garb and we shall get enough of it to get another old suit for you, and then we shall be ready.’
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Notes
J. Wagenaar, Vaderlandsche historie, 21 vols (Amsterdam, 1752–59) XX, pp. 90–1.
Cf. R. M. Dekker, ‘Women in Revolt: Popular Protest and Its Social Basis in Holland in the 17th and 18th centuries’, Theory and Society, 16 (1987) pp. 337–62.
GA Gorinchem, manuscript 3; On the relation between male transvestism and riots, see Davis, ‘Women on top’; Yves-Marie Bercé, Fête et révolte. Des mentalités populaires du XVIe au XV Ille siècle (Paris: Hachette, 1976) pp. 83–6; Malcolm I. Thomis and Jennifer Grimmett, Women in protest 1800–1850 (London: Croom Helm, 1982).
H. E. van Gelder, ’s Gravenhage in zeven eeuwen (Amsterdam: Meulenhoff, 1937) p. 151. Cf. J. ter Gouw, De volksvermaken (s.a. s.l.) p. 673.
Journaal van Constantin Huygens den Zoon, I (Utrecht, 1876) p. 380, entry 25 December 1690. Cf. the case of a gentleman from Groningen, travelling with a valet who was rumoured to be a girl: J. A. Worp, ‘Gerard Nicolaas Heerkens’, Groningsche Volksalmanak, 1899, pp. 1–51, p. 19. Cf. N. de Roever, Uit onze oude Amstelstad (Amsterdam: Minerva, s.a.) p. 81.
H. O. Feith, ‘De strafregtspleging te Groningen, voornamelijk in de zeventiende eeuw’, Bijdragen tot de Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde inzonderheid van de Provincie Groningen, 2 (1865) pp. 269–301, p. 280.
P. Haverkorn van Rijsewijk, De oude Rotterdamsche Schouwburg aan de Coolsingel (Rotterdam, 1882) pp. 119–20.
Cf. H. C. H. Moquette, De vrouw, 2 vols (Amsterdam: H. Meulenhoff, 1915) II, p. 69.
S. Hart, Geschrift en getal (Dordrecht, 1976) pp. 115–83.
Marina Warner suggested that illegitimate birth was a common background for cases of cross-dressing but our findings do not prove this hypothesis. See Marina Warner, Joan of Arc. The Image of Female Heroism (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1983) p. 161.
Brigitte Eriksson (ed.), ‘A Lesbian Execution in Germany, 1721: the Trial Records’, Journal of Homosexuality, 6 (1980–81) pp. 27–41, p.33.
The German text was reprinted in Ilse Kokula (ed.), Weibliche Homosexualität um 1900 in zeitgenössischen Dokumenten (München: Frauenoffensive, 1981) pp. 91–112.
Julie Wheelwright, unpublished paper, and ‘Amazons and Military Maids’, Women’s Studies International Forum, 10 (1987) pp.489–502.
D. F. Scheurleer, Van varen en van vechten, 3 vols (’s Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1914), Ten nieuw lied op een Vrouwe Matroos’, III, pp. 572–4.
The same holds for Antoinette de Bourignon: Antoinette de Bourignon, Het leven van juffr. Antoinette de Bourignon (Amsterdam: Jan Rieuwertsz. and Pieter Arentz., 1683) pp. 18–19.
Paul Andersen and Deborah Cadbury, Imagined Worlds (London: BBC, 1985) p. 21.
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© 1989 Rudolph M. Dekker and Lotte C. van de Pol
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Dekker, R.M., van de Pol, L.C. (1989). Women Who Lived as Men. In: The Tradition of Female Transvestism in Early Modern Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19752-1_2
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