Abstract
The military intervention of the United States in Haitian affairs in 1915 initiated an intense and bitter phase in relations between the two republics. Perhaps even more decisively than the numerous political commentaries of the time, the fiction and travel books of the period reveal the unofficial truth of the Occupation. Often the literature of this period in a shrill and explicit fashion returned to many of the stereotypes that had evolved during the preceding century.
Ah! te voilà Voix Blanche. … Tu es la voix des forts contre les faibles
L.-S. Senghor, Chaka
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Notes
Frederick Douglass, Oration at the World’s Fair (Chicago, Jan. 1893) p. 29.
Frederick Ober, In the Wake of Columbus (Boston: Lothrop and Co., 1893).
William D. Boyce, United States Dependencies (New York: Rand McNally and Co., 1914) p. 123. The presentation of Haiti as a caricature of the civilized world at the turn of the century was not restricted to American commentators. Cf. Hesketh Prichard’s Where Black Rules White (A journey across and about Haiti) in 1900 is equally insistent that in Haiti cannibalism flourished and that without ‘the presence of the white element … the Republic would go sliding back into the depths of barbarism’.
Ludwell Lee Montague, Haiti and the United States (orig. edn 1940) (New York: Russel & Russel, 1966) p. 26.
John Houston Craige, Cannibal Cousins (New York: Minton, Balch and Co., 1934). Page numbers are quoted from this edition.
John Houston Craige, Black Baghdad (New York: Minton, Balch & Co., 1933). Page numbers are quoted from this edition.
Edward Beach, The Last Haitian Revolution (1920), unpublished MS, p. 241.
Faustin Wirkus, The White King of La Gonave (New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1931). Page numbers are quoted from this edition.
Blair Niles, Black Haiti (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1926) p. 154. Page numbers are quoted from this edition.
Seabrook, The Magic Island (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1929) p. 91.
Price-Mars, Une étape de l’évolution haitienne (Port-au-Prince: Imp. la Press, 1929) p. 198.
John Vandercook, ‘Whitewash’, Opportunity, vol. 5, no. 10 (Oct. 1927).
Paul Morand, New York (New York: Holt & Co., 1930) p. 270.
Sterling Brown, ‘The Negro Character as Seen by White Authors’, The Journal of Negro Education, vol. II, no. 2 (Apr. 1933) p. 198.
Nathan Huggins, Harlem Renaissance (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) p. 103.
Yvette Gindine, ‘Images of the American in Haitian Literature during the Occupation 1915–1934’, Caribbean Studies, vol. 14, no. 3 (1974) p. 41.
S. Alexis, Le nègre masqué (Port-au-Prince: Imp. de l’Etat; 1933) p. 47.
Leon Laleau, Le Choc (Port-au-Prince: La Presse, 1932) p. 207.
Annie Desroy. Le Joug (Port-au-Prince: Imp. Modele, 1934) p. 142.
C. L. R. James, Mariners, Renegades and Castaways (London: Allison & Busby. 1985) p. 44.
A. Rimbaud, Oeuvres (Paris: Gamier, 1960) p. 27.
L. Laleau, Musique nègre (Port-au-Prince: Indigène, 1931).
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© 1988 J. Michael Dash
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Dash, J.M. (1988). Through the Looking Glass: Textual Politics and the American Occupation. In: Haiti and the United States. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19267-0_2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19267-0_2
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