Abstract
This study has its origins in a previous research project, directed by the author, during which attitudes towards policewomen were surveyed as part of a more extensive inquiry into police—public relationships1 and police officers’ attitudes towards organisational aspects of the police service.2 One general finding, supported and corroborated by informal observations and discussions with police officers, was that the attitudes of many male officers (and, indeed, some female officers) remain coloured by their limited views about the role of policewomen; views which often reflect their more general attitudes towards women in society.
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Notes and References
Jones, S. J. and Levi, M., ‘Police—public relationships: a study of police and public perceptions of each other’, unpublished research report prepared by the Department of Social Administration, University College, Cardiff, February 1983.
Jones, S. J., ‘Police inter-rank attitudes: a study of junior and senior ranks’ attitudes to the police service’, unpublished research report prepared by the Department of Social Administration, University College, Cardiff, July 1982.
Southgate, P., ‘Women in the police’, The Police Journal, vol. 54 (April 1981) pp. 157–67. See also, Sullivan, P. K., ‘The role of women in the police service — the effects of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 — a comparison of respective positions’, The Police Journal, vol. 52 (1979) pp. 336–43.
Southgate, P., ‘Women in the police’, The Police Journal, vol. 54 (April 1981) pp. 157–67. See also, Sullivan, P. K., ‘The role of women in the police service — the effects of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 — a comparison of respective positions’, The Police Journal, vol. 52 (1979) pp. 336–43.
See, for example, Martin, S. E., Breaking and Entering (University of California Press, 1980) and Hunt, J., ‘The development of rapport through the negotiation of gender in fieldwork among police’, unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York, 1983.
See, for example, Martin, S. E., Breaking and Entering (University of California Press, 1980) and Hunt, J., ‘The development of rapport through the negotiation of gender in fieldwork among police’, unpublished paper, Department of Sociology, Queens College, City University of New York, 1983.
For classic examples of studies which demonstrate the peace-keeping role of the British police see, for example, Banton, M., The Policeman in the Community (London: Tavistock, 1964) and Cain, M. E., Society and the Policeman’s Role (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973). For comparisons with the American experience of policing see, Manning, P. J., Police Work: The Social Organisation of Policing (Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press, 1977).
For classic examples of studies which demonstrate the peace-keeping role of the British police see, for example, Banton, M., The Policeman in the Community (London: Tavistock, 1964) and Cain, M. E., Society and the Policeman’s Role (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973). For comparisons with the American experience of policing see, Manning, P. J., Police Work: The Social Organisation of Policing (Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press, 1977).
For classic examples of studies which demonstrate the peace-keeping role of the British police see, for example, Banton, M., The Policeman in the Community (London: Tavistock, 1964) and Cain, M. E., Society and the Policeman’s Role (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1973). For comparisons with the American experience of policing see, Manning, P. J., Police Work: The Social Organisation of Policing (Cambridge, Mass. and London: MIT Press, 1977).
Smith, D. and Gray, J., Police and the People in London, vol. IV, Policy Studies Institute, November 1983, p. 93.
See, for example, Manning, op. cit.; Bittner, E., ‘The police on Skid Row: a study of peacekeeping’, Am. Sociol Review, vol. 32 (1967) no. 5, pp. 699–715; and Holdaway, S., Inside the British Police: A Force at Work (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983).
See, for example, Manning, op. cit.; Bittner, E., ‘The police on Skid Row: a study of peacekeeping’, Am. Sociol Review, vol. 32 (1967) no. 5, pp. 699–715; and Holdaway, S., Inside the British Police: A Force at Work (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983).
Brown, C. L., ‘The effect of training and some job experience on the attitudes of recruits’, unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Wales, 1983.
Skolnick, J. K., Justice without Trial (New York: John Wiley, 1966).
See, for example, Skolnick, op. cit.; Neiderhoffer, A., Behind the Shield: the Police in Urban Society (New York: Anchor, 1967); and Leftkowicz, J., ‘Psychological attributes of policemen’, J. of Social Issues, vol. 31 (1975) no. 1, pp. 5–26.
See, for example, Skolnick, op. cit.; Neiderhoffer, A., Behind the Shield: the Police in Urban Society (New York: Anchor, 1967); and Leftkowicz, J., ‘Psychological attributes of policemen’, J. of Social Issues, vol. 31 (1975) no. 1, pp. 5–26.
This is particularly true of other male-dominated occupations such as the law and the clergy, see for example, Morris, J., Against Nature and God: The History of Women with the Jurisdiction of Bishops (London: Macmillan, 1973); and Spencer, A. and Podmore, D., ‘Life on the periphery of a profession: the experience of women lawyers’, unpublished paper presented to the British Sociological Association Conference, 1983. Other studies show that barriers exist even in occupations often classed as women’s work see, for example, Novarra, V., Women’s Work, Men’s Work: The Ambivalence of Equality (London: Marion Boyars, 1980).
This is particularly true of other male-dominated occupations such as the law and the clergy, see for example, Morris, J., Against Nature and God: The History of Women with the Jurisdiction of Bishops (London: Macmillan, 1973); and Spencer, A. and Podmore, D., ‘Life on the periphery of a profession: the experience of women lawyers’, unpublished paper presented to the British Sociological Association Conference, 1983. Other studies show that barriers exist even in occupations often classed as women’s work see, for example, Novarra, V., Women’s Work, Men’s Work: The Ambivalence of Equality (London: Marion Boyars, 1980).
This is particularly true of other male-dominated occupations such as the law and the clergy, see for example, Morris, J., Against Nature and God: The History of Women with the Jurisdiction of Bishops (London: Macmillan, 1973); and Spencer, A. and Podmore, D., ‘Life on the periphery of a profession: the experience of women lawyers’, unpublished paper presented to the British Sociological Association Conference, 1983. Other studies show that barriers exist even in occupations often classed as women’s work see, for example, Novarra, V., Women’s Work, Men’s Work: The Ambivalence of Equality (London: Marion Boyars, 1980).
For an account of these media portrayals, and in particular the difference between the images presented of male and female police officers, see Morrison, C. M., ‘A sociological analysis of the image of the British police in the media’, unpublished PhD thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Aberdeen, 1984.
See, for example, Punch, M., ‘The Police as Secret Social Service’, in Holdaway, S. (ed.) The British Police (London: Edward Arnold, 1979); Ekblom, P. and Heal, K., ‘The police response to calls from the public’, Research and Planning Unit Paper 9 (London: HMSO, 1982); and McCabe, S. and Sutcliffe, F., Defining Crime: A Study of Police Definitions (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977).
See, for example, Punch, M., ‘The Police as Secret Social Service’, in Holdaway, S. (ed.) The British Police (London: Edward Arnold, 1979); Ekblom, P. and Heal, K., ‘The police response to calls from the public’, Research and Planning Unit Paper 9 (London: HMSO, 1982); and McCabe, S. and Sutcliffe, F., Defining Crime: A Study of Police Definitions (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977).
See, for example, Punch, M., ‘The Police as Secret Social Service’, in Holdaway, S. (ed.) The British Police (London: Edward Arnold, 1979); Ekblom, P. and Heal, K., ‘The police response to calls from the public’, Research and Planning Unit Paper 9 (London: HMSO, 1982); and McCabe, S. and Sutcliffe, F., Defining Crime: A Study of Police Definitions (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1977).
For accounts of the factors influencing the detection of crime see, for example, Chaiken, J. M., Greenwood, P. W. and Petersilia, J., ‘The Criminal Investigation Process: A Summary Report’ (California: The Rand Corporation, 1976); Steer, D., Uncovering Crime: the Police Role, Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, Research Study No. 5 (London: HMSO, 1980); and Chatterton, M., ‘Police in Social Control’, in King, J. (ed.) Control without Custody (Cropwood Papers, Cambridge Institute of Criminology, 1976).
For accounts of the factors influencing the detection of crime see, for example, Chaiken, J. M., Greenwood, P. W. and Petersilia, J., ‘The Criminal Investigation Process: A Summary Report’ (California: The Rand Corporation, 1976); Steer, D., Uncovering Crime: the Police Role, Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, Research Study No. 5 (London: HMSO, 1980); and Chatterton, M., ‘Police in Social Control’, in King, J. (ed.) Control without Custody (Cropwood Papers, Cambridge Institute of Criminology, 1976).
For accounts of the factors influencing the detection of crime see, for example, Chaiken, J. M., Greenwood, P. W. and Petersilia, J., ‘The Criminal Investigation Process: A Summary Report’ (California: The Rand Corporation, 1976); Steer, D., Uncovering Crime: the Police Role, Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure, Research Study No. 5 (London: HMSO, 1980); and Chatterton, M., ‘Police in Social Control’, in King, J. (ed.) Control without Custody (Cropwood Papers, Cambridge Institute of Criminology, 1976).
Southgate, op. cit. and May, D., ‘What price Equality?’, Police Review, 6 March 1981, pp. 458–61.
Hilton J., ‘Women in the Police Service’, The Police Journal, vol. 49 (1976) pp. 93–103.
Feinman, C., Women in the Criminal Justice System (New York: Praeger, 1981).
Fowler, H. W. and Fowler, F. G. (eds) The Concise Oxford Dictionary, 4th edition (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962).
Jones J. M., Prejudice and Racism (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1972).
Allport, G. W., The Nature of Prejudice (Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley, 1954) p. 10.
Wilson, E., Women and the Welfare State (London: Tavistock, 1977).
Chiplin, B. and Sloane, P. J., Tackling Discrimination at the Workplace (Cambridge University Press, 1981) p. 5.
Department of Employment, New Earnings Survey (London: HMSO, 1983) p. 90.
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Jones, S. (1986). Setting the Scene. In: Policewomen and Equality. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18452-1_2
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