Abstract
Everybody knows what extrapolation is. However, it is useful from time to time to refresh one’s mind by reading a definition. ‘Extrapolation’ according to The Concise Oxford English Dictionary ‘is the calculation from known terms of a series of other terms which lie outside the range of the known terms’. Any extrapolation, therefore, should start with an inventory of the known terms. It may be relatively easy in exact sciences and wherever a higher degree of knowledge, that is natural law or at least theory, has been achieved. Although much has been written about extrapolation in teratology, no attempt has been made to argue on the basis offered by theory. Teratology remained for a long time an empirical branch of science working, in the field of extrapolation, with simple analogies. Instead of the usual compiling of dispersed data, this contribution aims to present a theoretical account of our chance to make extrapolations in teratology consequent upon the theory of morphogenetic systems. Before doing this, it is necessary to elucidate several terms and viewpoints.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
BASS, R., BECK, F., MERKER, H.-J., NEUBERT, D. & RANDHAHN, B. (eds) (1970). Metabolic Pathways in Mammalian Embryos during Organogenesis and Its Modification by Drugs, pp. 633, Berlin: Freie Universität.
BORÉUS, L.D. (ed.) (1973). Fetal Pharmacology, pp. 487, New York: Raven Press.
BRENT, R.L. (1982). The importance and magnitude of the prevention of congenital malformations. In Proceedings, World Conference on Prevention des anomalies congénitales physiques et mentales, Strassbourg.
ELWOOD, J.M. & ELWOOD, J.H. (1980). Epidemiology of Anencephalus and Spina Bifida. Oxford: Oxford University Press — cited by Warkany.
EPA (1982). Assessment of Risks to Human Reproduction and to Development of the Human Conceptus from Exposure to Environmental Substances. Proceedings of EPA Sponsored Conferences, Atlanta and St Louis 1980, pp. 158, Oak Ridge Nat. Laboratory.
GASSER, D.L., MELE, L., LEES, D.D. & GOLDMAN, A.S. (1981). Genes in mice that affect susceptibility to cortisone-induced cleft palate are closely linked to Ir genes on chromosomes 2 and 17. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 78, 3147–3150.
GRANT, L.O. (1976). Research strategies for behavioural teratology. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 18, 85–94.
HERTIG, A.T. (1967). The overall problem in man. In Comparative Aspects of Reproductive Failure. Benirschke, K. (ed.) pp. 11–41. New York: Springer Verlag.
JELÍNEK, R. (1982). An Outline of the Theory of Morphogenetic Systems. Prague: Philosophical Faculty Charles University. Dissertation (in Czech).
JELÍNEK, R., DOSTÁL, M. & PETERKA, M. (1983a). Cleft Lip and Palate in the Picture of Experiment, pp. 203, Prague: Univerzita Karlova (in Czech).
JELÍNEK, R., PAVLÍK, A. & PETERKA, M. (1983b). Glucocorticoid receptor-mediated teratogenesis in the chick embryo. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, 3, 1–7.
JELÍNEK, R. & RYCHTER, Z., (1980). Morphogenetic systems and screening for embryotoxicity. Arch. Toxicol., Suppl., 4, 267–273.
JELINEK, R., RYCHTER, Z. & PETERKA, M. (1979). US Patent No. 4, 153, 676.
JUCHAU, M.R. (ed.) (1981). The Biochemical Basis of Chemical Teratogenesis, pp. 272, New York/ Amsterdam: Elsevier.
KUČERA, J. (1973). Inborn defects caused by drugs (in Czech). CPediat., 28, 664–666.
KUČERA, J. (1977). Relation between population genetics and population teratology. In Medical Genetics. Szabó, G. & Papp, Z. (eds). pp 449–473, Amsterdam/Oxford: Excerpta Medica.
KUČERA, J. (1979). Technical civilization and congenital malformation rate in Czechoslovakia — no association. In Evaluation of Embryotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity in New Drugs. Benešová, O., Rychter, Z. & Jelínek, R. (eds). pp. 179–186, Prague: Univerzita Karlova.
LEVY, G. (1981). Pharmacokinetics of fetal and neonatal exposure to drugs. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 58 (Suppl.), 92–16.2.
MIRKIN, B.L. (ed.) (1976). Perinatal Pharmacology and Therapeutics, pp. 455, New York: Raven Press.
MURPHY, S.D. (1979). Some concepts in toxicology. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 32, 261–266.
NEUBERT, D., MERKER, H.-J., NAU, H. & LANGMAN, J. (eds) (1978). Role of Pharmacokinetics in Prenatal and Perinatal Toxicology, pp. 647, Stuttgart: Thieme.
NISHIMURA, H. (1970). Incidence of malformations in abortions. In Congenital Malformations. Fraser, F.C. & McKusick, V.A. (eds). pp. 275–283, Amsterdam/New York: Excerpta Medica.
RALL, D.P. (1979). Relevance of animal experiments to humans. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 32, 297–300.
RODIER, P.M. (1976). Critical periods for behavioural anomalies in mice. Environ. Hlth. Perspect., 18, 79–83.
RODIER, P.M. (1978). Behavioural teratology. In Handbook of Teratology, Wilson, J.G. & Fraser, F.C. (eds). pp. 397–428, New York: Plenum Press.
RYCHTER, Z. (1979). Properties of morphogenetic systems. In Evaluation of Embryotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity Risks in New Drugs. Benšová O., Rychter, Z. & Jelínek, R. (eds). pp. 25–34, Prague: Univerzita Karlova.
RYCHTER, Z. & JELÍNEK, R. (1978). Foundations of Experi-mental Teratology, pp. 159, Prague: Avicenum (in Czech).
SPYKER, J.M. (1975). Behavioral teratology and toxicology. In Environmental Science Research, Vol. 5: Behavioral Toxicology. Weiss, B. & Laties, V.G. (eds). pp. 311–334, New York: Plenum Press.
VOUK, V.B. & SHEEHAN, P.J. (eds) (1983). Methods for Assessing the Effects of Chemicals on Reproductive Functions, pp. 541, (SCOPE 20), Chichester/New York: Wiley and Sons.
WADDELL, W.J. & MARLOWE, G.C. (1976). Disposition of drugs in the fetus. In Perinatal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Mirkin, B.L. (ed.) pp. 119–268, New York: Academic Press.
WADDELL, W.J. & MARLOWE, G.C. (1981). Biochemical regulation of the accessibility of teratogens to the developing embryo. In The Biochemical Basis of Chemical Teratogenesis. Juchau, M.R. (ed.) pp. 1–62, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
WARKANY, J. (1981). Prevention of congenital malformations. Teratology, 23, 175–189.
WILSON, J.G. (1959), Experimental studies on congenital malformations. J. Chronic. Dis., 10, 111–130.
WILSON J.G. (1973). Mechanisms of teratogenesis. Am. J. Anat. 136, 129–131.
WILSON J.G. (1975). Reproduction and teratogenesis: current methods and suggested improvements. J. Ass. Off. Anal. Chem., 58, 657–667.
WILSON, J.G. (1977). Current status of teratology (General principles and mechanisms derived from animal studies. In Handbook of Teratology, Vol. 1: General Principles and Etiology. Wilson, J.G. & Fraser, F.C. (eds). pp. 47–74, New York/London: Plenum Press.
WILSON, J.G. (1979). The evolution of teratological testing. Teratology, 20, 205–212.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Copyright information
© 1984 Macmillan Publishers Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jelínek, R. (1984). The problems of extrapolating laboratory data to man in teratology. In: Paton, W., Mitchell, J., Turner, P. (eds) IUPHAR 9th International Congress of Pharmacology London 1984. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17613-7_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17613-7_28
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-0-333-37134-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-17613-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)