Skip to main content

The Umayyad Regime

  • Chapter
Early Medieval Spain

Part of the book series: New Studies in Medieval History ((SEURH))

  • 27 Accesses

Abstract

Cordoba under the Umayyads filled many of the roles of Visigothic Toledo as royal residence, cultural centre and capital. It was, however, less strategically placed as far as the north of the peninsula was concerned, though it should be borne in mind that the Muslim rulers were more often interested in events in North Africa than in those in inaccessible Cantabria and the Asturias. The Umayyad court was not peripatetic in the way that the Visigothic one had been, although the amirs did on occasion command military operations in person in which event the entire population of Cordoba was required to evacuate the capital.1 Thus the complexities of social and racial divisions previously mentioned, the lack of close interrelation between the government in the capital and the provinces, and the re-emergence of a frontier zone within the peninsula, made the problems of order and the imposition of authority even more difficult for the Umayyads than they had been for their Roman and Visigothic predecessors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Aimoin, De Translatione SS MM Georgii, Aurelii et Nathaliae, P.L.115, cc. 942–60, in which Frankish monks used the evacuation to facilitate their departure from Cordoba.

    Google Scholar 

  2. C. Sanchez-Albomoz, ‘Data del la Batalla de Covadonga’ in his Origenes de la Nation Espanola (B2—d)pp. 97–135.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ibn Hayydn, tr. P. de Gayangos, in his edition of Al-Makkari (A2—c), vol.11, pp. 448— 50.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ibn al-Athir (B2—c), p. 151; Al-Baynn(B2—c), p. 102.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ibn Hazm in Al-Makkari (A2—c) vt. p. 107; Ibn al-Athïr (B2—c), pp. 168–70, 177–9.

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. Almagro, Guia de Mérida6th ed. (Madrid, 1965), pp. 29–33, on the Alcazaba erected by IAbd al-Rabman II: see also pp. 18–21.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ibn al-Athïr (B2—c), pp. 139–40.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anonymous chronicle of IAbd al-Ratzmiin(B2—c) 2, pp. 91–5.

    Google Scholar 

  9. For the Banu Kasi, see E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire de l’Espagne Musulmane(B2—c), vol.I, pp. 154–6, 213–18, 323–9, 387–94, vol. pp. 30–2.

    Google Scholar 

  10. W. Montgomery Watt, History of Islamic Spain(A2—c), pp. 128–31; see also D.M. Dunlop, Arab Civilisation to AD 1500(London and Beirut, 1971), pp. 65–6 and note 195, p.283.

    Google Scholar 

  11. C. Sinchez-Albornoz, ‘El Tercer Rey de Espana’, Cuadernos de Historia de Espaiia, 49–50 (1969) pp. 5–49.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Ibn al-Athir (B2 —c), pp. 118–25; Al-Baynn(B2—c), pp. 85–8.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Ibn al-Athrr, pp. 206–7; Crbnica de Alforuo III (B2— d)pp. 44–5.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ibn al-Athir, p. 197.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Al-Makkari (A2 —c) iii, vol.’’, pp. 106–7.

    Google Scholar 

  16. C. Verlinden, ‘Traite et Esclavage dans la Vallée de la Meuse’, in Melanges Felix Rousseau(Bruxelles, 1958), pp. 673–86.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ibn Haukal (B3—c), p.62.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Al-Makkari (A2—c) wt. i, vol. p. 200, and n.1, p. 482.

    Google Scholar 

  19. C.E. Bosworth, The Islamic Dynasties(Edinburgh, 1967), pp. 14–17.

    Google Scholar 

  20. AA. El-Hajji, ‘The Andalusian Diplomatic Relations with the Vikings during the Umayyad Period’ Hespéris Tamuda, 8 (1967) pp. 67–110.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Crintica de Alfonso III(B2—d), pp. 46–7, 50–1.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Al-MakIcari (A2 —c) vi. iv, vol. p.127, Ibn al-Athir (B2—c), p.235.

    Google Scholar 

  23. A.A. EI-Hajji, art. cit.p. 75.

    Google Scholar 

  24. P. Guichard, ‘Animation Maritime et Développement Urbain des Côtes de l’Europe Orientale et du Languedoc au X’ Siécle’, Occident et Orient au Xe Siècle, (Paris, 1979) p. 196.

    Google Scholar 

  25. S. Sobrequés, Els Grans Comtes de Barcelona3rd edn. (Barcelona, 1980) pp. 7–10.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Ibn al-Athir (B2—c), pp.143–4, 150, 151–2.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Al-Makkari (A2—c) iii and v, vol. it, pp. 98, 136–7.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Al-Baynn(B2—c), p. 102.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Ibn Hayyan in Al-Makkari (A2—c) wt. i, vol. II, pp.194–5.

    Google Scholar 

  30. See the arguments of T.F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages(A3—c).

    Google Scholar 

  31. Ibn HayyAn in Al-Makkari (A2—c) vi. vi, vol.11, pp. 163–4.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Al-Makkari (A2-c) III. iii, vol. 1, p. 237.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Vitaof John of Gorze, ed. W. Pertz, MGH, Scriptores, Iv, C. cxxi, p. 371f.

    Google Scholar 

  34. J. Vernet, La Cultura Hispanodrabe en Oriente y Occidente(Barcelona, 1978), pp. 69–71 (with Spanish translation of the texts).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ibid.pp. 36–7; The Jewish Encyclopedia12 vols. (New York, 1901–6), vol. VI, pp. 248–50.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Sefer ha-Qabbalahof Abraham ibn Daud, ed. G.D. Cohen, (London, 1969) VII, 73.

    Google Scholar 

  37. The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vpp. 13–14.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Sefer ha-QabbalahEpilogue, 28–30; D.M. Dunlop, The History of the Jewish Khazars, (New York, 1967) pp.125–55.

    Google Scholar 

  39. E.I.J. Rosenthal, Judaism and Islam(London and New York, 1961) pp. 73–6; The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vpp. 11–13, and VIII, pp. 470–1.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Sefer ha-QabbalahVII, 1–60, 68–79.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ibid.Epilogue, 150–63.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ibid.VII, 99–130, 139–67, showing that conditions were not always easy.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ibid.VII, 70–1.

    Google Scholar 

  44. A. Miguel, ‘L’Europe Occidentale dans la Relation Arabe d’Ibrihim b. Ya’qûb’, Annales21 (1966) pp. 1048–64, with French translation.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. B. Blumenkranz, ‘Du Nouveau sur Bodo-Eleazar?’, Revue des Etudes Juives, 112 (1953) pp. 35–42.

    Google Scholar 

  46. B. Blumenkranz, ‘Un Pamphlet Juif Médio-Latin de Polémique Antichrétienne’, Revue d’Histoire et de Philosophie Religieuses, 34 (1954) pp. 401–13.

    Google Scholar 

  47. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c) Corpus Scriptorum Muzarabicorumpp. 2–5, 58.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ibid.pp.135–41.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Chronica Mozarabica, ibid.47, p. 34; for the text of the treaty, F.J. Simonet, Historia de los Mozarabes de Espana, (Madrid, 1903), pp. 797 ff.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ibn Haukal (B3-c)p. 63.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Al-Makkari (A2-c) III. ii, vol. It, pp.217–8.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Ibn al-Kûtiyya (B2-c), p.61.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Ibid.pp. 67–70.

    Google Scholar 

  54. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Apologetius IIpraef. 8, p.553.

    Google Scholar 

  55. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Elipandus Ep. I, pp. 68–78; Letter of Pope Hadrian in P. Jaffé and W. Wattenbach, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum (Leipzig, 1885), no. 2479.

    Google Scholar 

  56. J. Gil (ed.) (B4-c), Council of Cordoba, p. 139.

    Google Scholar 

  57. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Elipandus Ep. IIIpp. 80–1.

    Google Scholar 

  58. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Elipandus Ep. ypp. 94–5.

    Google Scholar 

  59. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Alvar Ep. iv, p.181; Jaffé-Wattenbach no. 2479.

    Google Scholar 

  60. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Elipandus Eps. Iv and VI, pp. 92, 96.

    Google Scholar 

  61. For example the citations made by Alcuin in his Contra Haeresim Felicised. G.B. Blumenshine, (Vatican, 1980), pp.55–99.

    Google Scholar 

  62. R. d’Abadal ide Vinyals, La Batalla del Adopcionismo en la Desintegracion de la Iglesia Visigoda, (Barcelona, 1949).

    Google Scholar 

  63. A.G. Biggs, Diego Gelmirez, First Archbishop of Compostela, (Washington, 1949) pp. 153–6.

    Google Scholar 

  64. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Eulogius, MemorialeSanctorum, II.x. 25, pp.426–7.

    Google Scholar 

  65. E.A. Lowe, ‘An Unknown Latin Psalter on Mount Sinai’, Scriptorium9 (1955) pp. 177–99;

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. and ‘Two Other Unknown Latin Liturgical Fragments on Mount Sinai’, ibid.19 (1965) pp. 3–29.

    Google Scholar 

  67. R. Menéndez Pidal, Origenes del Espanol3rd edn. (Madrid, 1950) pp. 415–20;

    Google Scholar 

  68. but compare with R.P. Wright, ‘Speaking, Reading and Writing Late Latin and Early Romance’, Neophilologus60 (1976) pp. 178–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. S.M. Stern, Les Chansons Mozarabs, (Palermo, 1953).

    Google Scholar 

  70. Al-Makkari (A2-c) II.iii, vol. I, p. 142.

    Google Scholar 

  71. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c) Memoriale Sanctorum, II.i, pp. 397–401.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Ibid. ii.ii, p.402.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ibid. Ipraef. 2, p.367; J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Alvar, Ep.vi. 8–10, pp. 200–1.

    Google Scholar 

  74. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), pp. 344–61, 665, 685–93; See R.J.H. Collins, ‘Latin Poetry in Ninth Century Spain’, Papers of the Liverpool Latin Seminar, 4 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  75. J. Gil (ed.), (B4-c), Memoriale Sanctorum I.xxx, p.392.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Ibid.II. vii, pp. 406–8.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Many refs, see Gil (ed.), cit.(B4-c) index p.722.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Memoriale II. viii. 1–8, 12–16, pp. 408–12, 413–15.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Ibid.H. viii. 9–16, pp. 412–5.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Alvar, Vita Eulogii15 (A4-c), p.340.

    Google Scholar 

  81. M. Gómez Moreno, Iglesias Mozarabes, (Madrid, 1919), p. 141, no. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  82. J. Williams, Early Spanish Manuscript Illumination(London, 1977) pp. 16–21;

    Google Scholar 

  83. compare with J. Fontaine, L’Art Mozarabe (B4-c), pp. 49–60.

    Google Scholar 

  84. M. Durliat, Roussillon Roman, (La Pierre-Qui-Vire, 1975) pp. 31–51.

    Google Scholar 

  85. R.J.H. Collins, ‘Latin Poetry in Ninth Century Spain’ (A4-c).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Alvar, Vita Eulogii12 (A4-c), p.337; compare with Memoriale III.i (B4-c), pp. 439–40; Mohammed’s reputation amongst the Arab historians is very high:Path al-Andalus(B2-c) p. 81, and Al-Bayon(B2-c), p.175.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Much of Ibn Hayyân’s account of the reign of ‘Abd-Allah is translated by P. de Gayangos in his version of Al-Makkari, vol. II, pp. 438–60 (n. 47 to VI. iv.).

    Google Scholar 

  88. 85. Anonymous Chronicle of IAbd al-Rahman 771 (B2-c)pp. 118–47; Al-Bayon (B2-c)pp. 192–6, 217–21, 228–32, 237, 287–334.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 1983 Roger Collins

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Collins, R. (1983). The Umayyad Regime. In: Early Medieval Spain. New Studies in Medieval History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17261-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17261-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-333-26283-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-17261-0

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics