Abstract
That’s the way we’re going nowadays. Everything slick and streamlined, everything made out of something else. Celluloid, rubber, chromium-steel everywhere ... radios all playing the same tune, no vegetation left, everything cemented over ... There’s something that’s gone out of us in these twenty years since the war.1
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Notes and References
G. Orwell, Coming up for Air, 1939 (Penguin, 1962 edn) pp. 27, 168.
Ibid, pp. 106–7.
‘The Lion and the Unicorn’ in G. Orwell, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters, vol. 2 (Penguin, 1970) pp. 79, 82.
‘The Decline of the English Murder’ and ‘Raffles and Miss Blandish’, both in G. Orwell, Decline of the English Murder (Penguin, 1965) pp. 12, 67–8.
Orwell, ‘The Lion and the Unicorn’, p. 75.
M. J. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850–1980 (Cambridge University Press, 1981).
T. S. Eliot, Notes Towards a Definition of Culture (Faber, 1962 edn) pp. 26–7, 103–8.
Q. D. Leavis, Fiction and the Reading Public (Chatto &: Windus, 1932) pp. 151, 211, 231.
C. B. Cox and R. Boyson (eds), Black Paper 1977 (Temple Smith, 1977) p. 5.
F. R. Leavis, Mass Civilisation and Minority Culture (Minority Press, 1930) pp. 6–7; F. R. Leavis and D. Thompson, Culture and Environment (Chatto & Windus, 1933) p. 87.
R. and T. Calvert, The Law-Breaker (Routledge, 1933) pp. 60–1.
W. Elkin, English Juvenile Courts (Kegan Paul, 1938) p. 292.
A. E. Morgan, The Needs of Youth (Oxford University Press, 1939) pp. 166–7, 190–1.
The Tim es, 4 January 1937.
The Times, 2 January 1937.
Reynolds’s News, 8 November 1936. Forty years later, when Queen’s Park Rangers fans staged a similar protest against the sale of a star player amidst Britain’s ‘winter of discontent’, The Sun (24 February 1979) splashed a headline that contrived to get’ strike news’ even on to the sports page:’ soccer’s first picket line’.
D. Russell and J. Reynolds,’ sport Between the Wars’, Bradford History Workshop, March 1980; R. Pardoe, The Battle of London: Arsenal versus Tottenham Hotspur (Stacey, 1972) p. xii.
Reynolds’s News, 29 September 1935.
By comparison, there is ample documentation of football disturbances before the First World War. See Chapter 4, notes 359.
A. J. P. Taylor, English History 1914–1945 (Penguin, 1970) pp. 237, 392.
Leavis, Mass Civilisation, p. 9; G. Orwell, ‘Review of “The Pub and the People”’, 1943, in Collected Essays, vol. 3, p. 61.
C. E. B. Russell, The Problem of Juvenile Crime (Oxford University Press, 1917) p. 6
National Council of Public Morals, The Cinema (Williams & Norgate, 1917) pp. xxxiv, xxxviii. For early enquiries into the cinema, see Commission on Educational and Cultural Films, The Film in National Life (Allen & Unwin, 1932).
H. Redwood, God in the Slums (Hodder & Stoughton, 1932) 16th edn, p. 43.
H. A. Secretan, London Below Bridges (Bles, 1931) p. 85. Secretan also entertained a somewhat unusual fear that the Hollywood talkies were corrupting the true Cockney dialect. Cf. pp. 86–7.
Morgan, Needs of Youth, p. 242
Reynolds’s News, 15 December 1935.
H. Fielding, An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers (Millar, 1751) p. 3.
Reynolds’s News, 1 November 1931, 17 November 1935 and 20 December 1936.
Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 1928, Cmd. 3581 (HMSO, 1930) p. xiv.
Ibid, pp. xii-xiii.
Criminal Statistics for England and Wales 1935, Cmd. 5520 (HMSO, 1936), pp. xviiff; Report of the Departmental Committee on Corporal Punishment, Cmd. 5684 (HMSO, 1938); Corporal Punishment, Cmnd. 1213 (HMSO, 1960) p. 31. Following a great upsurge in birching during the First World War, its use rapidly decreased and by the 1930s it was virtually abandoned in the cities, and birchings were almost entirely ordered by courts in small towns and country districts. See also Chapter 5, note 92.
Hansard, 8 March 1933.
Hansard, 30 June 1933.
R. Mark,/n the Office of Constable (Collins, 1978) pp. 28–9.
R. Samuel, East End Underworld (Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981); J. P. Bean, The Sheffield Gang Wars (D & D Publications, 1981).
See, for example, complaints about’ socialist hooliganism’ at the meetings of National candidates reported in Reynolds’s News (10 November 1935) beneath the headline ‘HOOLIGAN LIE’. Or Oswald Mosley’s justification of the use of counter-force against ‘red terror’ in The Greater Britain (BUF, 1934) pp. 186–8. Mosley poured scorn on the leaders of established parties who ‘creep in by back doors, under police protection, to well picketed meetings’, no less than hecklers at his own meetings ‘who ran howling, when counter force was employed, for the protection of the police’: ‘When we have been attacked, we have hit back.’ The General Election campaign of October 1931 was accompanied by particularly determined rowdyism: Beaverbrook was howled down at Glasgow, Churchill faced trouble at Peckham and MacDonald had a bruising campaign at Seaham. Cf. ‘Rowdies at it Again in Bradford... Another meeting wrecked’, Bradford Telegraph and Argus, 22 October 1931 ‘More Rowdyism in Leeds’ and ‘Rowdies Busy in Newcastle’, Yorkshire Post, 16 October 1931 and 22 October 1931. A meeting of Mosley’s ‘New Party’ at the Rag Market in Birmingham was halted by a ‘wild riot’ in which ‘a shower of chairs’ was thrown on to the platform (and thrown back by the speakers) whereupon, with a great show of reluctance, the leaders were escorted under police protection through a rear exit. Yorkshire Post, 19 October 1931.
Public Record Office, Home Office Papers, HO 45/11032/423878.
Yorkshire Post, 2 October 1931 and 3 October 1931; The Times, 2 October 1931 and 17 October 1931; W. Hannington, Unemployed Struggles, 1936 (EP Publishing, 1977 edn); J. Stevenson and C. Cook, The Slump (Quartet, 1979).
J. White, ‘Campbell Bunk: A Lumpen Community in London between the Wars’, History Workshop, no. 8, 1979. See also the brief account of riotous eruptions on Peace Night in 1919 which coincided with race riots at seaports, in J. White, ‘The Summer Riots of 1919’, New Society, 13 August 1981. For the destruction of property during riotous Peace Celebrations, see also Public Record Office, Home Office Papers, HO 45/11068/372202.
Mass Observation, The Pub and the People (Gollancz, 1943) p. 248.
S. F. Hatton, London’s Bad Boys (Chapman & Hall, 1931) p. 129.
J. Butterworth, Clubland (Epworth, 1932) pp. 37–9.
Hatton, London’s Bad Boys, p. 169.
B. L. Q. Henriques, The Indiscretions of a Warden (Methuen, 1937) pp. 240–4.
H. S. Bryan, The Troublesome Boy (Pearson, 1936) pp. 31–2.
Hatton, London’s Bad Boys, pp. 14, 17; Butterworth, Clubland, pp. 47–8; Secretan, London Below Bridges, p. 87.
W. Hannington, The Problem of the Distressed Areas (Gollancz, 1937) p. 90; W. F. Lestrange, Wasted Lives (Routledge, 1936) p. 124; R. H. Tawney, The School-Leaving Age and Juvenile Unemployment (Workers’ Educational Association, 1934).
J. J. Findlay, The Children of England (Methuen, 1923) p. 188; Hatton, London’s Bad Boys, p. 202; Butterworth, Clubland, p. 21.
D. Thompson, ‘Advertising God’, Scrutiny, vol. 1, no. 3, 1932, p. 246.
‘The School and Society’, 1899, in J. Dewey, The Child and the Curriculum (Chicago University Press, 1956 edn) p. 34.
R. Baden-Powell, Aids to Scoutmaster ship (Jenkins, 1919) pp. 14, 21, 27. Here and elsewhere, Baden-Powell’s romanticism was interlaced with large doses of anti-socialist philosophising, and no small amount of humbug. So, at the time of dole cuts in 1931 he urged youth ‘to assist in the national economic emergency’ and to ‘keep the national keel steady’ by developing ‘the habit of thrift’ and consuming only ‘home and Imperial produce’. Above all, they were ‘to carry out the principle of cheerfulness’: ‘Gloom and pessimism are having too much their own way just now, and never... was there greater work for real happy grins to do’ (The Times, 16 October 1931). A few years earlier, he had urged the necessity of ‘developing the movement among our poor London lads and putting up a barrage of Scout ideals against the Communism that stalks in our midst’ which led to a rather unfriendly exchange of letters with the Young Communist League. See Baden-Powell Exposed\ (Young Communist League, 1927).
H. N. Casson, The Teacher’s World, no. 710, vol. 20, 18 December 1918.
The Teacher’s World, no. 711, vol. 20, 25 December 1918.
Ibid.
L. Le Mesurier, Boys in Trouble (Murray, 1931) pp. xv-xvi.
Quoted in W. Elkin, English Juvenile Courts, p. 288.
A. M. Carr-Saunders et al., Young Offenders (Cambridge University Press, 1943) p. 47.
Report of the Departmental Committee on the Treatment of Young Offenders, Cmd 2831 (HMSO, 1927) p. 23.
The Times, 4 January 1937 and 25 October 1937.
The Times, 4 May 1935.
N. Walker, ‘Crime and Penal Measures’ in A. H. Halsey (ed.), Trends in British Society Since 1900 (Macmillan, 1972) table 15.1; D.H. Thorpe et al, Out of Care (Allen & Unwin, 1980) table 1.3; New Approaches to Juvenile Crime, Briefing Paper No. 3: Some Facts About Juvenile Crime, January 1980.
Butterworth, Clubland, p. 22.
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© 1983 Geoffrey Pearson
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Pearson, G. (1983). Since the War: Past Perfect. In: Hooligan. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17076-0_3
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