Abstract
Developments in the English police system during the 1840s and 1850s were not the working out of any great reforming plan, nor were they the result of any universal recognition of the value of police. They emerged for a variety of reasons, and pragmatism was as important as reforming ideology and zeal. In France during the July Monarchy there was some tinkering with the system, but major reorganisation in Paris had to await the Revolution of 1848, and lasting changes were not achieved until the Second Empire. Napoleon III’s police system was not hammered out in parliamentary committees; however, it did reflect changing attitudes and, authoritarian as his regime may have been, his police were still circumscribed by local interests, local government and money — in many respects the French police were less centralised than those established in England.
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References
Sopenhoff, ‘Police of London’, pp. 220–1.
‘The Police System of London’, Edinburgh Review, CXCV (July 1852) p. 21; for the Metropolitan Police and the Great Exhibition see Phillip T. Smith, ‘The London Metropolitan Police and Public Order and Security, 1850–1868’, Ph.D. Columbia University (1976) pp. 155–68.
Hansard (3rd series) CXXVI, 552.
Emsley, ‘The Bedfordshire Police’.
Hansard (3rd series) CXXVI, 551.
HO 45.3133.
‘The Police System of London’, pp. 26–7.
Hansard (3rd series) CXIX, 1227.
Hansard (3rd series) CXXII, 748–9.
HO 45.6811.
HO 45.4609.
Hansard (3rd series) CXXXVIII, 709.
Ibid., 702–14.
Hansard (3rd series) CXL, 695–6.
Ibid., 230–2.
HO 45.7615. For the administration of the new system in general see T. A. Critchley, A History of Police in England and Wales 900–1966 (1967), pp. 118–23, and Henry Parris, ‘The Home Office and the Provincial Police in England and Wales 1856–1870’, Public Law (1961) 230–55.
Police Service Advertiser (11 May 1867).
Staffs. RO C/PC/V3/1/1: General Orders, Newcastle-under-Lyne Police Station 1858–66; Bucks RO BC 4/1: Examination Book March 1857–June 1861; Beds. RO QES 9: Name Book of County Constabulary c. 1850–71.
‘The First Pay Claim’ in the Bow Street Museum.
HO 45.6093. For this and other complaints in the Metropolitan Police, see Sopenhoff, ‘Police of London’, pp. 197–203.
Manchester Guardian (11 June 1853), and see also 4, 8, 15 and 18 June.
HO 45.4780.
Police Service Advertiser (27 Apr. 1867).
Ibid., (6 Apr. 1867).
Robert D. Storch, ‘Police Control of Street Prostitution in Victorian London’, and Wilbur R. Miller, ‘Never on Sunday: Moralistic Reformers in London and New York 1830–1870’, both in David H. Bayley (ed.), Police and Society (Beverly Hills, 1977) pp. 49–72 and 127–48; for Chief Constables seeking greater powers of search and arrest see HO 45.7210.
A de G Xf 257.
AN F7 9841 (Ain), dossier C. H. Leconte.
Thomas J. Duesterberg, ‘Criminology and the Social Order in Nineteenth-Century France’, Ph.D. Indiana University (1979), pp. 118–87; a brief summary may be found in Duesterberg’s ‘The Politics of Criminal Justice Reform: Nineteenth-Century France’, in James A. Incardi and Charles E. Faupel (eds), History and Crime (Beverly Hills, 1980) pp. 135–51.
From the handbill announcing the publication of H. A. Frégier’s Des Classes dangereuses de la population dans les grandes villes et des moyens de les rendre meilleures (2 vols, 1840),
quoted in Jean Tulard La Prefecture de Police sous la Monarchie de Juillet (1964) p. 15.
AN F7 12242, a bundle of letters from Lucas to the Minister of the Interior and to Louis-Philippe (1843–4), including a copy of his pamphlet Projet d’Institution d’une Surveillance Spéciale de Nuit pour la Sûreté Publique (1843).
Tulard, La Prefecture, pp. 56–7; for the Parisian police during the July Monarchy see also Patricia Ann O’Brien, ‘Urban Growth and Public Order: the Development of a Modern Police in Paris 1829–1854’, Ph.D. Columbia University (1973).
APP Db. 21 : Min. of Int. to Gisquet (9 July 1836); APP Db.24 contains a series of circulars to the commissaires.
Tulard, La Prefecture, pp. 62–4; Canler, Memoires, p. 233.
APP Db.353: ‘Appréciations générales de la Police en France et considerations particulières sur le commissariat.’
AN F7 9841 (Ain), dossier F. Sablon; for a similar example see AN F7 12708: Pref. of Maine-et-Loire to Gen. Baron Renault (27 Jan. 1864).
E. Elouin, A. Trébuchet and E. Labrat, Nouveau Dictionnaire de Police (2 vols, 1835), article on ‘Agent de Police’.
Canler, Memoires, ch. 70 passim; for the police experiments in Paris during 1848 see Patricia O’Brien, ‘The Revolutionary Police of 1848’, in Roger Price (ed.), Revolution and Reaction: 1848 and the Second French Republic (1975) pp. 133–49, and Rey and Féron, Gardiens de la Paix, ch. 3 passim.
H. Raisson, De la Police de Paris, Nécessité de reorganiser son personnel et de moraliser son action (1848).
Ted W. Margadant, French Peasants in Revolt: The Insurrection of 1851, (Princeton, 1979) p. 200–1.
Journal des Commissaires de Police (1859) 393; for the commissaires during the Second Empire see Howard C. Payne, The Police State of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (Seattle, 1966) pp. 206–32.
AN F7 12708: dossier S. Boyer.
Journal des Commissaires de Police (1864), 9.
Payne, Police State, pp. 232–44.
Rey and Féron, Gardiens de la Paix, pp. 175–80.
Règlement général sur le service ordinaire de la police de la Ville de la Ville de Paris (14 Apr. 1856) article 63; for this, and the other details of the new Paris police given in this paragraph, see Rey and Féron, Gardiens de la Paix, pp. 183–212.
London policemen patrolling beats on the fringe of the metropolis where help was unlikely to be readily available were authorised to carry cutlasses. Major General Cartwright, one of the Inspectors of Constabulary, wrote in October 1863: ‘In some cases I consider the cutlass to be necessary for the protection of a constable such for instance as in the outskirts of Birmingham, or on beats where constables are employed among a particularly rough and disorderly population’ (HO 45.7487).
In 1906 by law there should have been 1005 commissaires in provincial towns; in fact there were only 664. See draft report of speech (probably made by Célestin Hennion who became Director of the Sûreté in 1907) in AN F7 13043. This speech is cited at length in A. Fryar Calhoun, ‘The Politics of Internal Order: French Government and Revolutionary Labor 1898–1914’, Ph.D. Princeton (1973), which, while putting its main emphasis on la police générale, gives what is probably the best survey of the French police just before the First World War.
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© 1983 Clive Emsley
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Emsley, C. (1983). Mid-Century Reforms. In: Policing and its Context 1750–1870. Themes in Comparative History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17043-2_5
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