Steady Incompressible Flow Through Pipes

Abstract

Apart from natural circulation of air and other gases in the atmosphere and liquids of one form or another in the oceans, lakes and other reservoirs, fluid masses are transported from one locality to another through ducts. A duct may be in a closed sectional form or an open form. Flow of fluids through a closed duct under some form of pressure is referred to as a closed conduit or pressure flow. Both liquids and gases can be transported through closed conduits. Flow in an open duct exposed to an approximately constant pressure at the surface is known as a free-surface or an open-channel flow. Liquids are commonly transported through open channels and this form of transportation will be treated in Chapters 4 and 7. This chapter is devoted to the study of the steady incompressible flow of fluids through closed conduits, particularly those of circular cross-sectional area.