Abstract
[…]. The forces that have molded the fate of the backward world still exercise a powerful impact on the conditions prevailing at the present time. Their forms have changed, their intensities are different today; their origin and direction have remained unaltered. They control now as they have controlled in the past the destinies of the underdeveloped capitalist countries, and it is the speed with which and the processes by which they will be overcome that will determine these countries’ future economic and social development.
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Notes
Karl Marx, Grundrisse: Der Kritik der Politischen Ökonomie (Berlin: Rohentwurf, 1953), p. 411.
S. Pizer and F. Cutler, “International Investments and Earnings,” Survey of Current Business (August 1955): 10.
Ragnar Nurkse, Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford: 1953), p. 29.
Cf. S. Herbert Frankel, The Economic Impact on Under-Developed Societies (Oxford: 1953), p. 104.
Josué de Castro, The Geography of Hunger (Boston: Little Brown, 1952), p. 97. The following passages quoted in the text are from pages 105, 215, and 221 of this outstanding work. Professor de Castro notes, incidentally, that while soil erosion and exhaustion are a plague of the entire colonial world, experts “go so far as to assert that, for all practical purposes, there is no such thing as erosion in Japan” (p. 192).
E. W. Zimmerman, World Resources and Industries (rev. ed.: New York: 1951), p. 326. Needless to say, the author discriminates unfairly against the nineteenth century. In the capitalist world of the twentieth, success is still measured by the same yardstick, the difference being only that large-scale enterprise thinks more about its longer run returns.
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© 1982 Macmillan Publishers Limited
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Baran, P.A. (1982). A Morphology of Backwardness. In: Alavi, H., Shanin, T. (eds) Introduction to the Sociology of “Developing Societies”. Sociology of “Developing Societies”. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16847-7_15
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16847-7_15
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