Abstract
Taken as a whole, the presentation of material in Delinquency and the Collective Varieties of Youth is organized on varying levels of abstraction. The first half of the manuscript (the very first section of which is reproduced here) contains fairly abstract discussions of causal relationships while the later sections gradually concretize the analysis, focusing on specific times and places. These conjunctures in time and place will be derived from historical literature on delinquency, but they will emphasize the development of delinquent formations in the Los Angeles area of California. We initially gathered the data about these formations by continuous participant observations between 1959 and 1962. In 1963 a preliminary statement about the research was written and further research, now involving a large research project, was begun. This research, which followed up the previous investigation, lasted until 1967.
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Notes
For descriptions of early capitalist criminal types, see Frank Aydellotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds ( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1913 );
Thomas Harmon, A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursitors, Vulgarly Called Vagabonds’ in Elizabethan Underworld, ed. A. V. Judges (New York: E. P. Sutton, 1930 );
Jean Jusserand, English Wayfaring Life ( New York: G. P. Putnam & Sons, 1931 ).
Thomas Firmin, Some Proposals for the Imployment of the Poor, 2nd ed. (London, 1681). Pages 1–4 and 37 of Firmin’s Proposal are reprinted in Juvenile Offenders for a Thousand Years, ed. Wiley B. Sanders ( Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1970 ) 18–20.
Sir William Maitland, The History of London, from its Foundation by the Romans to the Present Time… In Nine Books (London, 1739), Act. Parl. 14 Car. II (Brit. Mus.). The material in Maitland’s work, which is relevant to the Black Guard, is reprinted in Sanders, 40–1.
William Smith, State of the Gaols in London, Westminster and Borough of Southwark (London, 1776 [Brit. Mus.]). Material in Smith’s work, which is relevant to delinquents, is reprinted in Sanders, 62–3.
Karl Marx, Capital I (Moscow: Fôreign Languages Publishing House, 1959) 713ff.
C. H. George, ‘The Making of the English Bourgeoisie, 1500–1750’, Science and Society, 35 (Winter, 1971 ) 396.
R. H. Tawney, The Agrarian Problem in the Sixteenth Century ( New York: Burt Franklin, 1912 ).
Quoted in Ivy Pinchbeck and Margaret Hewitt, Children in English Society, I (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969 ) 93.
Original source: A Supplication of the Poore Commons, in Four Supplications 1529–1553 ed. Furnival and Cowper (1871) 79.
Niles Weekly Register (15 December 1821) 256; John H. B. Latrobe, Address on the Subject of a Manual Labor School (Baltimore, 1840). Parts of both of these documents are also in Bremner, 753–4.
Sigmund Diamond, The Reputation of the American Businessman ( Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1955 ) 101.
Also, Robert B. Carson, ‘Youthful Labor Surplus in Disaccumulationist Capitalism’, Socialist Revolution, 2 (May-June 1972 ) 15–44.
Karl Marx, Capital, I (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1959 ) 731–44.
Wolfgang Hein and Konrad Stenzal, ‘The Capitalist State and Underdevelopment in Latin America — The Case of Venezuela’, Kapitalistate, 2 (1973) 31–48.
For the magnitude of this problem, see Robert B. Carson, ‘Youthful Labor Surplus in Disaccumulationist Capitalism’, Socialist Revolution 2 (May-June 1972) 15–44.
Barry Bluestone, ‘Capitalism and Poverty in America: A Discussion’, Monthly Review, 2 (June 1972) 64–71.
Herman Schwendinger and Julia R. Schwendinger, The Sociologists of the Chair: A Radical Analysis of the Formative Years of North American Sociology (1883–1922) (New York: Basic Books, 1974 ) 143–58, 360–1.
Charles Cooper, Annals of Cambridge II (Cambridge: Warwick and Co., 1863) 613, 616.
F. J. Fisher, ‘The Development of London as a Center of Conspicuous Consumption in the 16th and 17th Centuries’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, 4th Series, XXX (1948).
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System ( New York: Academic Press, 1974 ) 240–4.
Eric Hobsbawm, ‘The Crises of the 17th Century-II’, Past and Present, 6 (November 1954) 63.
Christopher Hibbert, The Roots of Evil ( Boston: Little, Brown, 1963 ) 45.
Jonathan Swift, The Journal to Stella ed., with intro. and notes by George A. Aitken (London: Methuen, 1901) 419–21, 424–5, 430, 432.
Sir Walter Besant, London in the Time of the Tudors ( London: Adam and Charles Black, 1904 ) 324–6.
Crane Brinton, A History of Western Morals ( New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1959 ) 250–55.
R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism ( New York: New American Library, 1947 ).
Thorstein Veblen, Theory of the Leisure Class ( New York: Mentor Books, 1953 ).
Digby Baltzell, Philadelphia Gentlemen, The Making of a National Upper Class (Glencoe. Illinois: The Free Press, 1958 ).
James Woodress. Booth Tarkington ( Philadelphia: J. Lippincott & Co., 1955 ) 47–8.
George Biddle, An American Artist’s Story (Boston: Little, Brown, 1939) 43, our emphasis.
Bertell Oilman, Alienation, Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society ( London: Cambridge University Press, 1971 ).
Herbert Gintis, ‘Education, Technology, and the Characteristics of Worker Productivity’, American Economic Review, 61 (May 1971) 266–79.
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© 1981 Crime and Social Justice Associates
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Schwendinger, H., Schwendinger, J. (1981). Delinquency and the Collective Varieties of Youth. In: Platt, T., Takagi, P. (eds) Crime and Social Justice. Critical Criminology series. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-16588-9_6
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