Abstract
In his foreword to Kusum Nair’s Blossoms in the Dust 2 Gunnar Myrdal describes the human factor in development as of paramount importance: ‘People’sattitudes to work and life, hardened by stagnation, isolation and poverty, and underpinned by tradition and often by religion, are frequently found to be inimical to change of any kind.’ In addition to this general statement may I make a few carefully chosen quotations from Blossoms in the Dust? Writing about the Madras farmers the author tells us that ‘five acres on lease is the limit of their aspiration. … Their demands are calculated solely on the basis of the family’sconsumption requirements of rice at two meals a day …’ (p. 31). About Kerala she remarks that ‘an average Malayalee … would prefer the security of a small job than take any risk whatever’ (p. 40). Caste also is a drawback to development.’ Not one of these Brahmin farmers [in Bihar] ploughs, or is permitted by caste custom to plough and work on the land’ (p. 90). In West Bengal ‘many communities among the peasants consider it below their dignity to take their farm produce to the market for sale’ (p. 141). And one more quotation:’ [a landlord’s] reaction to land reforms — proposed imposition of a ceiling on land holdings and the fixing of a minimum wage for agricultural labour — is perfectly logical and natural. He feels that they will affect the landlords adversely.
The author is deeply indebted to Mr H. Vincent, who has made a special study of underdeveloped areas within Europe.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
E. Konijnenberg, ‘Research on the Possibilities of Employment for Young People in Agricultural Areas’ (1962).
Unpublished research study conducted by the Sociological Institute of Utrecht University. See also S. Groenman, Staphorst (Meppel, 1947).
S. Groenman, ‘External and Internal Causality in Cultural Change’, International Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol. I, no. i (Mar 1960) p. 103 ff.
S. Ossowski, ‘Social Conditions and Consequences of Social Planning’. Paper for I.S.A. Congress, Stresa, 1956.
J. Meyriat et al, La Calabrie, une région sous-développée de l’Europe méditerranéenne (1960) p. 201 ff.
S. Moscovici, Réconversion industrielle et changements sociaux. Un exemple: la chapellerie dans l’Aude (1961) p. 161 ff.
B. Hoselitz, ‘Tradition and Economic Growth’, in Tradition, Values and Socio-Economic Development, eds R. Braibanti and J. Spengler (Duke University Commonwealth Studies Center, Durham, U.S.A., 1961) pp. 94–5. He describes for nineteenth-century France a traditional orientation in entrepreneurship, somewhat narrow-minded and paternalistic, and believing in state support.
R. Rochefort, Le Travail en Sicile (1961) p. 284 ff.
B. Hoselitz, Tradition and Economic Growth, p. 106: ‘The predominance of Greek traditionalism had disastrous results’. See also pp. 100, 108.
B. Hoselitz, Tradition and Economic Growth, p. 87.
J. Spengler, ‘Theory, Ideology, Non-Economic Values and Politico-Economic Development’ in Tradition, Values and Socio-Economic Development, p. 4.
G. Brenan, Spanish Labyrinth (1943) pp. 7, 94, 268.
A. H. H. van Lier, Spanje, land van tegenstellingen (Spain, Country of Contrasts) (Meppel, 1952) pp. 64–5.
ECOSOC Economic Commission for Latin America, Mar del Plata, Argentina, May 1963, ‘Social Development of Latin America in the Post-War Period’, document of 15 Apr 1964, pp. 45, 33, 38, 49. See also S. N. Eisenstadt, Modernisation: Protest and Change (N.Y., 1966), p. 85 ff.
Eisenstadt, Modernisation: Protest and Change, p. 111.
Eisenstadt, ibid., p. 91 for Latin America.
Ibid., p. 92.
Eisenstadt, ibid., p. 65.
A. J. Toynbee quoted by F. van Heek in Het geboorteniveau der Nederlandse Rooms-Katholieken (The Birth-Rate of the Dutch Roman Catholics) (Leyden, 1954) p. 122.
Toynbee, A Study of History, vol. II (1935) p. 209.]
‘Resistências à mudença’ (Rio, 1960) pp. 27–50. This is a seminar report on ‘Fatôres que impedem ou difficultam o desenvolvimento’. See also J. Lambert, ‘Croissance démographique et instruction dans les pays en voie de développement’, Population (1960) p. 655 ff.
A. Sauvy, Théorie générale de la population, tome I (1952) pp. 241–2.
T. Parsons, Structure and Process in Modern Society (Chicago, 1959) ch. iii.
F. Löwenthal in Das kommunistische Experiment (Köln, 1957) p. 12, coins this expression.
See the ECOSOC report, footnote 3, p. 28. Cf. P. González Casanova, ‘México desarrollo y subdesarrollo’, Desarrollo económico, vol. 3 (Apr-Sep 1963) nos 1–2. For Brazil see Lambert, ‘Croissance démographique et instruction dans les pays en voie de développement’.
Lambert, ibid.
S. Groenman, ‘Befolkningsproblemer i Holland og Danmark’, Økonomi og Politik (Copenhagen, 1951).
E. F. Schumacher, Bergedorfer Gesprächskreis, Protokoll 15: ‘Entwicklungshilfe-Mittel des Aufstiegs oder des Verfalls?’ (1964).
W. E. Moore, Man, Time and Society (N.Y., 1963) p. 143.
Giuseppe Carone, ‘The Alpine Economy and its Present Problems’, in Regional Rural Development Programmes: with Special Emphasis on Depressed Agricultural Areas Including Mountain Areas, O.E.C.D. Documentation in Agriculture and Food, no. 66 (1964) p. 61 ff.
C. Arnold Anderson, ‘The Impact of the Educational System in Technological Change and Modernization’, in Industrialization and Society, eds B. F. Hoselitz and W. E. Moore (1963) p. 259 ff.
International Planning, Regio basiliensis, Bulletin, International Federation for Housing and Planning (1967). Soziologisches Seminar des Instituts für Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Basel, Soziologische Regio Untersuchung (1965).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1969 International Economic Association
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Groenman, S. (1969). Social Aspects of Backwardness in Developed Countries. In: Robinson, E.A.G. (eds) Backward Areas in Advanced Countries. International Economic Association Conference Volumes, Numbers 1–50. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15315-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15315-2_2
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-15317-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-15315-2
eBook Packages: Palgrave Economics & Finance CollectionEconomics and Finance (R0)