Skip to main content

Investment and Risk in Africa

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Studies on the African economies ((SAES))

Abstract

Until recently Africa has been an unambiguously capital-hostile environment. During 1960 to 1990 the return on capital in Africa was on average around a third below that elsewhere.1 Because the returns on capital were low there was little private investment. However, during the 1990s some African governments have reformed policies sufficiently that returns are now probably quite high: there is evidence that the return on FDI is now higher in Africa than in other developing areas.2 Despite these improved returns, private investment has remained low. Whereas in other developing areas it is currently averaging 18 per cent of GDP, in Africa even by 1994 it was only 10 per cent, little changed from the 1980s. (World Bank, 1996).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adam, C. and D. Bevan (1995). ‘Investment, Uncertainty and the Option to Wait: Implications for Government and Donor Policies in Zambia’, Centre for the Study of African Economies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Adam, C. and S. O’Connell (1997). ‘Aid, Taxation and Development: Analytical Perspectives on Aid Effectiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa’, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Working Paper 97–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aizenman, J. and N. Marion (1994). ‘Macroeconomic Uncertainty and Private Investment’, Economics Letters 41 (2): 207–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aizenman, J. (1997). ‘Investment in New Activities and the Welfare Cost of Uncertainty’, Journal of Development Economies, 52 (2): 259–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aizenman, J. and N. Marion (1993). ‘Policy Uncertainty, Persistence and Growth’, Review of International Economics 1 (2): 145–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aron, Janine (1998). ‘Political, Economic and Social Institutions: A Review of Growth Evidence (With an Africa Focus)’, Centre for the Study of African Economies, Working Paper 98–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya, A., P. J. Montiel and S. Sharma (1996). ‘Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa: an Overview of Trends and Determinants’, mimeo, Research Department, International Monetary Fund, Washington DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakey, G. G. (1994). ‘Economic Integration in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Implications for Direct Foreign Investment’, mimeo, European Commission, Brussels.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleaney, M., Gemmell, N. and D. Greenaway (1995). ‘Tax Revenue Instability, with Particular Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa’, Journal of Development Studies 31: 883–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bouton, L., C. Jones and M. Kiguel (1994). ‘Macroeconomic Reform in and Growth in Africa: Adjustment in Africa Revisited’, Policy, Research and External Affairs Working Paper, The World Bank, No. 1394.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P. (1998). ‘The Role of the State in Economic Development: Cross Regional Experiences’, The Journal of African Economies, Supplement.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P. and J. W. Gunning (1999). ‘Explaining African Economic Performance’, The Journal of Economic Literature 37 (1): 64–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collier P., A. Hoeffler and C. Pattillo (1999). ‘Flight Capital as a Portfolio Choice’, World Bank PRE Working Paper 2066.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cukierman, A., S. B. Webb and B. Negapti (1992). ‘Measuring the Independence of Central Banks and its Effect on Policy Outcomes’, World Bank Economic Review, 6, 353–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixit, A. K. and R. Pindyck (1994). Investment Under Uncertainty, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Economisti Associati (1994). ‘East Africa — Survey of Foreign Investors’, consultants report prepared for The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erb, C. Harvey, C. and T. Viskanta (1996). ‘Political Risk, Economic Risk and Financial Risk’, Financial Analysts Journal, 52 (6): 28–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fafchamps, M. and J. Pender (1997). ‘Precautionary Saving, Credit Constraints and Irreversible Investment: Theory and Evidence from Semi-Arid India’, Journal of Economics and Business Statistics, 15 (2): 180–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fielding, D. (1994). ‘Price Instability and Investment: Evidence from Africa’, CREDIT Research Paper No. 94 /8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glen, J. (1993). ‘How Firms in Developing Countries Manage Risk’, IFC Discussion Paper, No. 17, The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjimichael, M., D. Ghura, M. Muhleisen, R. Nord, and E. M. Ucer (1995). ‘Sub-Saharan Africa: Growth, Savings, and Investment, 1986–93’, International Monetary Fund Occasional Paper, No. 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ibarra, L. A. (1995). ‘Credibility of Trade Policy Reform and Investment: The Mexican Experience’, Journal of Development Economics 47 (1): 39–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspersen, F., A. Aylward, and M. Sumlinski (1995). ‘Trends in Private Investment in Developing Countries: 1970–94’, IFC Discussion Paper, No. 28, The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, R. and R. Levine (1993). ‘Finance, Entrepreneurship and Growth: Theory and Evidence’, Journal of Monetary Economics, 32 (3): 513–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knack, S. and P. Keefer (1995). ‘Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures’, Economics and Politics 7 (3): 207–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, J. and T. Whited (1996). ‘The Effect of Uncertainty on Investment: Some Stylized Facts’, Journal of Money Credit and Banking, 64–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, R. and D. Renelt (1992). ‘A Sensitivity Analysis of Cross-Country Growth Regressions’, American Economic Review 82: 942–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mash, R. (1995). ‘The Consequences of International Trade Price Volatility for National Income and Welfare: Theory and Evidence’, D Phil Thesis, University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauro, P. (1995). ‘Corruption and Growth’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110 (3): 681–712.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • North, D. (1990). Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Oshikoya, T. (1994). ‘Macroeconomic Determinants of Domestic Private Investment in Africa: An Empirical Analysis’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, 42: 573–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pattillo, C. (1996). ‘The Effects of Regime Switching Uncertainty on Irreversible Investment Decisions’, Centre for the Study of African Economies Working Paper, No. 96–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson, T. and G. Tabellini (1994). ‘Representative Democracy and Capital Taxation’, Journal of Public Economics 55: 53–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pindyck, R. and A. Solimano (1993). ‘Economic Instability and Aggregate Investment’, NBER Working Paper, No. 4380.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pritchett, L. (1991). ‘Measuring Real Exchange Rate Instability in Developing Countries: Empirical Evidence and Implications’, Policy, Research and External Affairs Working Paper, The World Bank, No. 791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (1989). ‘Credibility of Trade Reform: A Policy-Maker’s Guide’, The World Economy 12 (1): 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (1991). ‘Policy Uncertainty and Private Investment in Developing Countries’, Journal of Development Economics 36: 229–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Wijnbergen, S. (1985). ‘Trade Reform, Aggregate Investment and Capital Flight: On Credibility and the Value of Information’, Economics Letters, 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, O. E. (1994). ‘The Institutions and Governance of Economic Develop-ment and Reform’, World Bank Economic Review, Supplement, 171–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (1994). Adjustment in Africa: Reforms, Results and the Road Ahead, New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank (1996). World Development Report, Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2000 Centre for the Study of African Economies

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Collier, P., Pattillo, C. (2000). Investment and Risk in Africa. In: Collier, P., Pattillo, C. (eds) Investment and Risk in Africa. Studies on the African economies. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15068-7_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics