Abstract
26 November 1986 to 28 February 1987 proved to be a challenging period for President Reagan. It presented his administration with an opportunity to recapture its lost authority and to reflect on the fallout from the Iran-Contra scandal in a more considered manner. The President, following his dramatic and controversial televised appearances during November, spoke to the media, but only in very controlled and limited settings. Vice-President Bush also involved himself in damage control at this juncture, partly in an effort to reduce the presidential burden, while the President’s staff, integral to the mechanics of the damage limitation exercise, came to play prominent roles during this period. For example, Pat Buchanan, White House Director of Communications, waged a lone battle attacking critics of the administration, and Chief of Staff Regan and DCI Casey emerged as scapegoats. They absorbed the political blame, often involuntarily, for the inability of the White House to adequately deal with the operational and public relations failures surrounding the scandal. New faces were introduced to bring fresh impetus to the public relations efforts, David Abshire for example, Special Counsel to the President, entering the fray with a specific mandate to coordinate the administration’s response to Iran-Contra revelations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
‘An Interview with the President’ Time 8 December 1986, p. 6.
‘An Interview with the Vice President’ Time 8 December 1986, p. 18.
For more detail on Bush’s controversial role see, ‘George Bush’ Final Report, pp. 473–83.
Time 8 December 1986, p. 18.
‘Delivered to an American Enterprise Institute Forum: Text of Bush’s Dec. 3 Speech on Secret Iran Arms Sales’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 49, 6 December 1986, pp. 3031–3.
James Reston, ‘Reagan Changes His Tune’ New York Times 3 December 1986, p. A31.
‘The difference reflects not only the different tactics adopted by the two Presidents in the face of crisis but also, it seems clear, the tremendous damage done in recent decades to the once strong bonds of trust that link the governed and their governors in a democracy.’ R.W. Apple Jr., ‘Looking Ahead: A Reagan Rebound?’ New York Times 4 December 1986, p. A14.
‘Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy: Radio Address to the Nation, December 6, 1986’ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 22 no. 50 1986, pp. 1629–30.
‘We Did Not Achieve What We Wished, and Serious Mistakes Were Made: State of the Union Address by President Reagan, January 27, 1987 (Extract)’ American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1987, p. 847.
‘Reagan to Hold Off on Iran Comments’ New York Times 29 January 1987, p. A10.
See Table 4-4 ‘Presidential News Conferences by Year, Coolidge to Clinton’ in Ragsdale, Vital Statistics on the Presidency: Washington to Clinton (1996) pp. 167–8.
Table 4-10, ‘Political Appearances by Year, Truman to Clinton’ Ibid., p. 177.
Patrick J. Buchanan, ‘No One Gave The Order To Abandon Reagan’s Ship’ Washington Post 8 December 1986, p. A15.
‘Making it Us vs. Them’ Time 22 December 1986, p. 25.
‘White House Dissents From Buchanan’s Stance’ The Washington Post 10 December 1986, p. A25.
‘It’s Pat Buchanan for the defense’ U.S. News and World Report 22 December 1986, p. 23.
‘Reagan Aide Tries to Soothe Governors’ Washington Post 9 December 1986, p. A12.
See, ‘The De Facto President’ Time 1 December 1986, p. 10.
Regan Testimony, p. 44.
Time 1 December 1986, p. 10.
‘Regan Seeks Distance from Growing Scandal’ Washington Post 27 November 1986, p. A24.
Reagan, An American Life (1990) p. 536.
Final Report, p. 505.
For Watergate/Iran-Contra similarities see, Dom Bonafede, ‘Deja Vu’ National Journal 19 no. 32, 8 August 1987, p. 2063.
‘An Interview with the CIA Director’ Time 22 December 1986, p. 31.
North, Under Fire (1991) p. 180.
‘Break Point’ Newsweek 23 February 1987, p. 20.
Martin Anderson, Revolution (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1988) p. 351.
Time 22 December 1986, p. 32.
‘White House Office: Appointment of David Abshire as Special Counsellor to the President, December 26, 1986’ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 22 no. 53 1986, p. 1673.
Dick Kirschten and Christopher Madison, ‘The Diplomat in the Trenches’ National Journal 19 no. 4, 24 January 1987, p. 208.
Michael Ledeen, Perilous Statecraft: an Insider’s Account of the Iran-Contra Affair (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1988) p. 251.
National Journal 19 no. 4, 24 January 1987, p. 208.
Dick Kirschten, ‘An Exercise in Spin Control Poses More Nagging Questions’ National Journal 19 no. 3, 17 January 1987, pp. 146–7.
‘Reagan, Hill Move to Deal with Arms Scandal’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 49, 6 December 1986, p. 3007.
‘Risks for the Democrats’ New York Times 27 November 1986, p. A1.
‘Iran-Contra: Special Report’ Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1986, p. 424.
Congressional Chronology, p. 135.
‘Hill Tries to Avoid a “Circus Atmosphere” by Consolidating Each Chambers Probes’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 49, 6 December 1986, p. 3008.
Ross K. Baker, House And Senate 2nd edn (New York: W.W. Norton, 1995) pp. 88–9.
‘Witnesses Invoke the Fifth Amendment but Get First-Rate Congressional Praise’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 50, 13 December 1986, p. 3042.
‘Iran-Contra Deals: Looking for Answers’, ibid., p. 3004.
‘At House Foreign Affairs Dec. 8: Text of Shultz’ Testimony on Role in Iran Arms Scandal’ Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1986, p. 40–D.
‘Events Relating to the Iranian Arms Sale: Prepared Statement by the President’s Former Assistant for National Security Affairs (McFarlane), December 8, 1986’ American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1986, pp. 425–8.
‘Before House Foreign Affairs Dec. 8: Ex-NSC Adviser McFarlane On Iran-Contra Affair’ Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1986, p. 44–D.
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 50, 13 December 1986, p. 3044.
‘Hamilton: Not Getting Full Cooperation’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 50, 13 December 1986, p. 3047.
‘Debate Sharpens on Whether White House Is Being Forthright’ The Washington Post 9 December 1986, p. A10.
‘The Hill Investigations: Leaders Unveil Two Panels, Work on Scope of Inquiries’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 51, 20 December 1986, p. 3098.
See, Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 45 no. 2, 10 January 1987, pp. 94–6.
‘Clash Erupts in Senate Over Inquiry’ New York Times 6 January 1987, p. A10.
‘Partisanship Marks Launching of Iran Panels’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 45 no. 2, 10 January 1987, p. 89.
New York Times 6 January 1987, p. A10.
Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Preliminary Inquiry into the Sale of Arms to Iran and Possible Diversion of Funds to the Nicaraguan Resistance 100th Cong., 1st Sess., 1987.
‘Relatively Quiet Week in Washington: White House, Congress Spar over Iran Arms Report, Pardons’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 44 no. 52, 27 December 1986, p. 3143.
New York Times 6 January 1987, p. A1.
‘Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy: Statement by the Principal Deputy Press Secretary to the President, January 5 1987’ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 23 no. 1 1987, p. 13.
New York Times 6 January 1987, p. A10.
‘A Year of Mistakes and Warnings Ignored in Iran Deal, Report Says: Senate Panel Staff Document Faults White House As Causing Costly Setback in Foreign Policy’ New York Times January 1987, p. A1.
‘Senators Charge a Web of Deceit in Iranian Affair’ New York Times 30 January 1987, p. A1.
‘Iran Arms and Contra Aid Controversy: Statement by David Abshire, Special Counsellor to the President. January 29, 1987’ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 23 no. 4 1987, p. 93.
‘White House Reaction to the Senate Select Committee’s Report on the Iran-Contra Matter: Statement Read by the President’s Principal Deputy Press Secretary (Speakes), January 30, 1987’ American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1987, pp. 847–8.
For similarities between the Watergate and Iran-Contra investigation see Gaddis Smith, ‘When the White House Wants to Know: a Cloud of New Questions’ Los Angeles Times Part V, 1 March 1987, pp. 1, 2.
‘Special Review Board for the National Security Council: Statement by the President. November 26 1986’ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 22 no. 48 1986, p. 1605.
‘Executive Order on Review Board’ Congressional Quarterly Almanac 1986, p. 39–D.
‘NSC Matter — Plan of Action, Dated November 25 1986’ DTR-52. Regan Testimony, pp. 427–30.
‘Independent Counsel to Investigate the Arms Sales to Iran: Address to the Nation. December 2, 1986’ Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents 22 no. 49 1986, pp. 1613–14.
Final Report, pp. 519–20.
Mayer and McManus, Landslide (1988) p. 372.
‘White House Panel on Iran has Interview with Reagan’ New York Times 27 January 1987, p. A12.
Cannon, President Reagan: the Role of a Lifetime (1991) pp. 708–9.
Mayer and McManus, Landslide (1988) p. 376.
Newsweek 23 February 1987, p. 18.
Final Report, p. 521.
NBC Nightly News, 19 February 1987.
Cited in, Mayer and McManus, Landslide (1988) p. 378.
ABC Nightly News, 24 February 1987.
‘Has Reagan Told All He Knows’ The Gallup Report no. 256–7 (Jan/Feb 1987) p. 49.
Reagan asked sceptical reporters: ‘I’d like to ask one question of everybody, everybody that can remember what they were doing on August 8th of 1985, raise your hand. I think its possible to forget, nobody’s raised any hands.’ Reported on ABC Nightly News, 24 February 1987.
John Tower, Brent Scowcroft, Edmund Muskie, The Tower Commission Report: the Full Text of the President’s Special Review Board (New York: Bantam/Times Books, 1987).
‘Findings of the President’s Special Review Board: Statements by the Members of the President’s Special Review Board, February 26, 1987’ American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1987, p. 850.
Tower et al., The Tower Commission Report (1987) p. 81.
Regan, For the Record (1988) p. 364.
See comments by General Scowcroft, American Foreign Policy Current Documents 1987, p. 853.
Cited also in Koh, The National Security Constitution (1990) p. 14.
Mayer and McManus, Landslide (1988) p. 382.
Koh, The National Security Constitution (1990) pp. 15–16.
‘Project Recovery’ Newsweek 1 December 1986, p. 8.
Dick Kirschten, ‘Around the White House Bunker “Responsibility” Isn’t in Fashion’ National Journal 18 no. 49, 6 December 1986, p. 2950.
‘The Mood of White House Officials: Despair as Damage Builds’ New York Times 1 December 1986, p. A10.
‘Reagan Calls Nixon as the Crisis Unfolds’ New York Times 2 December 1986, p. A15.
‘Nixon: This Isn’t a Watergate: Reagan Troubles Blamed on Aides Who Screwed It Up’ Washington Post 10 December 1986, p. A1.
‘Reagan at ground zero’ U.S. News and World Report 12 January 1987, p. 20.
‘Is He More Out of Touch Than Ever: the old issue of Reagan’s detachment is again a sensitive topic’ Time 26 January 1987, p. 26.
U.S. News and World Report 12 January 1987, p. 20.
Regan, For The Record (1988) p. 242.
Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 45 no. 2, 10 January 1987, p. 87.
‘A Growing, Dreamy Detachment: Concerns about Reagan’s failure to engage’ Newsweek 5 January 1987, p. 26.
Also, ‘Hanging Ollie Out to Dry’ Newsweek 19 January 1987, p. 22.
Dick Kirschten, ‘Olive Branches, Shared Agendas and Other New Year’s Gambits’ National Journal 19 no. 2, 10 January 1987, p. 89.
‘Reagan Pressed to Apologize for Iran-Affair’ Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report 45 no. 3, 17 January 1987, p. 109.
‘Reagan’s Crusade’ Newsweek 15 December 1986, p. 26.
‘A Rapid Decline’ ibid., pp. 26–7.
See charges laid against Weinberger in, ‘Officers of the Department of Defense (U.S. v Caspar W. Weinberger and Related Investigations)’ Final Report, p. 405.
Newsweek 15 December 1986, p. 27.
‘Reagan’s Crusade’ ibid., p. 28.
Also cited in, Mayer and McManus, Landslide (1988) p. 359.
‘Reagan’s Involvement’ Gallup Report no. 256–7 (Jan/Feb 1987) p. 50.
Newsweek 19 January 1987, p. 22.
‘Impact on Reagan’s Future Effectiveness’ Gallup Report no. 256–7 (Jan/Feb 1987) p. 51.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1999 Robert Busby
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Busby, R. (1999). Riding the Storm: November 1986 — February 1987. In: Reagan and the Iran-Contra Affair. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14726-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14726-7_6
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-14728-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-14726-7
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)