Abstract
This study began with a proposition on Russia and Germany and has in practice emphasised the latter, because of its special importance for Western Europe’s ‘short twentieth century’. However this needs to be sustained, as part of concluding this work, by setting capitalism’s recovery in the 1930s within a broader framework, to show how capitalism was able to survive more generally in its European heartland. In turn this will serve to underline the singular circumstances of the Russian revolution, the other foundation of the now concluded epoch.
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Notes and References
Roberts, 1980, p. 848. Again, I would have to say that it ‘carried’ it in a much less direct way than after 1945. There is an element of reading backwards in such verdicts.
This paragraph and the next are based on Kennedy, 1989, pp. 363–5.
Japan is not one of the formations with which this study is concerned, but it is worth bringing it in as the only non-Western power with ‘centre’ status and for its importance in launching and shaping the Second World War (in effect, by its invasion of China in July 1937).
For a later Soviet view, see Sobolev et al., 1971, pp. 295–305.
Quoted in Day, 1981, p. 75; for a discussion, see ibid., pp. 74–7.
Quoted in ibid., pp. 159–60. For a general discussion of the economic debate in the Congress, see pp. 155–61.
Quoted in ibid., p. 236. I have not seen the original, and therefore here and below rely on citations and discussions contained in this source.
It is interesting to note that in 1938 Mao Tse-tung, who of course had no knowledge of Gramsci’s work, also believed that in ‘capitalist countries’, where legal struggle was possible, the revolutionaries’ efforts would be protracted. In ‘semi-colonial and semi-feudal’ China ‘insurrection and war’ would be necessary in conditions of illegality (Mao, 1965, p. 117), and the Chinese leader also suggested — incorrectly as it happened — that the struggle would be less protracted there.
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© 1997 K. W. J. Post
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Post, K. (1997). A Diversity of Capitals. In: Communists and National Socialists. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14514-0_8
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