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Policy-Making for Russian Industry pp 113–143Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Representative Associations

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Part of the book series: Studies in Russian and East European History and Society ((SREEHS))

Abstract

One of the consequences of perestroika and the post-Soviet opening up of the political system has been the access to the policy-making process gained by institutions, groups and individuals operating from outside traditional state bureaucratic policy-making structures. Indeed the word lobbizm, the rather awkward translation of the English ‘lobbying’, has become one of the most used ‘new Russian’ words.

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Notes

  1. For the early history, see Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 37, 1991, p. 15; No. 3, 1992, pp. 4–5.

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  2. Commentaries include Eric Lohr, ‘Arkadii Vol’skii’s political base’, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 45, No. 5, 1993, pp. 811–32; Michael McFaul, ‘Russian centrism and revolutionary transitions’, Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1993, pp. 196–222; A. Zudin, ‘Changing status’; A.Iu. Zudin, Biznes i politika v postkommunisticheskoi Rossii, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, Moscow, 1995; S. Peregudov, I. Semenenko, A. Zudin, ‘Business associations in the USSR — and after: the growth and political role’, PAIS Papers, Department of Politics and International Studies, University of Warwick, Working paper No. 110, April 1992.

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  3. The most reformist views can be found in the Declaration of the NPS-organized Congress of Directors in February 1991 and in particular the NPS report on the status of the economy submitted to Gorbachev and Yeltsin in September 1991. The report came just as Yeltsin announced his commitment to shock therapy and at a time when NPS was supporting Yeltsin against Gorbachev. Inzhenernaia gazeta, 25 February 1991, p. 1; Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 39, 1991, pp. 10–11. The shift to anti-reform positions has been pretty constant since then. See S. Fortescue, ‘The Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs: an employer peak group in a transition economy’, unpublished paper presented to the annual conference of the Australasian Political Studies Association, Australian National University, Canberra, 30 September–2 October 1992.

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  4. Rabochaia tribuna, 18 August 1992, p. 2.

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  5. A move some have interpreted as a deliberate slight to Vol’skii, who has very poor relations with Skokov. Kommersant, 14 November 1992, pp. 9 and 11.

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  6. Kommersant, 23 September 1994, p. 3; Rossiiskie vesti, 14 October 1994, p. 2; 21 October 1994, p. 2; Izvestiia, 12 October 1994, p. 2; 16 November 1994, p. 4.

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  7. See his report to the Third Congress of Commodity Producers. Delovoi mir, 13 September 1994, p. 5; 14 September 1994, pp. 1–2.

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  8. Delovoi mir, 18 April 1995, p. 8; 17–23 April 1995, p. 44

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  9. Sobranie zakonodatel’stva, No. 12, 1994, item 1391. This decree makes no mention of a formal right of legislative initiative to which some sources have referred, for example Finansovye Izvestiia, 10 August 1995, p. 3.

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  10. Biznes i politika, No. 1, 1994, p. 45.

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  11. Biznesmeny Rossii. 40 istorii uspekha, ‘Oko’ Moscow, 1994, pp. 63–70; Vozrozhdennaia elita, pp. 98–100.

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  12. Biznesmeny Rossii, pp. 187–96; Vozrozhdennaia elita rossiiskogo biznesa, Institut izucheniia reform, Moscow, 1994, pp. 218–20.

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  13. Kommersant, 12 August 1995, p. 3.

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  14. Biznes i politika, No. 1, 1994, p. 10.

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  15. Kommersant, 12 August 1995, p. 3.

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  16. See the Declaration of the KSBR-sponsored First Congress of Russian Entrepreneurs, held in December 1994 and reported in Biznes i politika, No. 2, 1995, p. 13.

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  17. Leaked extracts from an internal report on the alleged use made by Western intelligence agencies of Western research foundations in gathering scientific intelligence and recruiting agents of influence were published in Nezavisimaia gazeta, 10 January 1995, p. 3.

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  18. For details on the club and an example of a paper presented to it, see Delovoi mir, 27 February–5 March 1995, p. 15. See also Kommersant, 2 July 1994, p. 3. Its membership list was published in an undated brochure Klub ‘Realisty’. Its Statute was submitted for registration to the Moscow Judicial Administration after being approved by the Club’s founders on 14 March 1994.

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  19. Informatsionnyi vestnik, No. 2, 1993, pp. 65–9; Svodnye dannye o rabote Kluba directorov RSPP za periods marta 1992 g. po mart 1994 g., undated.

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  20. Ia. Pappe, Obshcherossiiskie ekonomicheskie elity: skhematicheskii portret, Tsentr politicheskikh tekhnologii, Moscow, 11 April 1994, pp. 13–14.

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  21. Biznes i politika, No. 3, 1995, p. 25.

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  22. See Rossiiskaia gazeta, 19 November 1994, pp. 1 and 3; Moskovskii komsomolets, 6 December 1994, pp. 1–2.

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  23. Kommersant, 15 April 1995, p. 2; Rossiiskoe predprinimatel’stvo, p. 53. For another example, in April 1994 the Association of Joint Ventures, International Associations and Organizations was invited to participate in the formulation of a new law on foreign investment. Russian Information Agency, 29 April 1994, p. 2.

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  24. Nezavisimaia gazeta, 26 November 1994, p. 2; Kommersant, 16 December 1994, p. 2; 14 January 1995, p. 2.

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  25. For n account of the work of the committees and their apparatuses which acknowledges this, see Novaia ezhednedel’naia gazeta, 20 July 1994, IQ supplement, p. 5. The point is made that partisan political issues are handled by the factions, not the committees. The TPP has also noted the relative lack of partisanship in the work of Duma committees. Delovoi mir, 17–23 April 1995, p. 44.

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  26. For an example of such a position paper, see K voprosu o khode programmy privatizatsii. Analytical note submitted to the Committee for Property, Privatization and Management Activity by the Directorate of Economic Policy Issues of RSPP, no date. See also the public and private discussion of the draft law on lobbyism, a private member’s bill sponsored by V.A. Lepekhin, deputy chair of the Committee for Social Associations and Religious Organizations. Kruglyi stol po obsuzhdeniiu zakonoproekta ‘O regulirovanii lobbistskoi deiatel’nosti v federal’nykh organakh gosudarstvennoi vlasti’, Fond razvitiia parlamentarizma v Rossii, Moscow, 1995.

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  27. Kommersant, 16 March 1995, p. 3. Although note his opinion that Russia should specialize and not try to maintain a capacity in all sectors of industry, specifically in this case lathe manufacturing. Delovoi mir, 17–23 October 1994, pp. 7–9.

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  28. See the board members of RSPP listed in Informatsionnyi vestnik, No. 1, 1992, pp. 37–45.

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  29. Izvestiia, 3 April 1992, p. 2; Biznes i politika, No. 1 1994, p. 8.

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  30. Kommersant, 2 November 1993, p. 8.

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  31. Rabochaia tribuna, 18 August 1992, p. 2.

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  32. Kommersant, 14 November 1992, pp. 9 and 11.

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  33. Kommersant, 15 April 1995, p. 2.

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  34. Biznes i politika, No. 3, 1995, p. 7. For a similar release of an unknown entrepreneur from Novocherkassk, see the letter of A. Orlov to the delegates to the First Congress of Russian Entrepreneurs, 11 January 1995.

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  35. Pravitel’stvennyi vestnik, No. 48, 1991, p. 4.

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  36. Pravitel’stvennyi vestnik, No. 5, 1992, p. 4. The decree called on the government to issue a statute for the commission, which duly appeared on 20 February 1992. That statute has since been replaced twice, by government decrees of 14 July 1993 and 1 December 1994. Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 32, 1993, p. 21; No. 51, 1994, p. 8 of supplement.

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  37. Biznes i politika, No. 4, 1995, p. 6.

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  38. Kommersant, 15 July 1995, p. 2.

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  39. Na puti k sotsial’nomu partnerstvu, special supplement to Konstitutsionnyi vestnik, no bibliographical details, pp. 173–4. For an example of a sectoral wage agreement for the metals industry, see Vestnik Komiteta po metallurgii, Nos 5–6, 1995, pp. 22–8.

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  40. Kommersant, No. 39, 1991, p. 2; Izvestiia, 3 July 1991, p. 1.

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  41. Izvestiia, 16 April 1992, p. 1.

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  42. Biznes i politika, No. 3, 1995, p. 5.

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  43. Kommersant, 28 July 1993, p. 2; 2 September 1993, p. 3; 15 September 1993, p. 1; Delovoi mir, 3 September 1993, p. 1.

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  44. Izvestiia, 24 September 1994, p. 4; 5 October 1994, p. 4.

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  45. Delovoi mir, 19 October 1994, p. 1.

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  46. Kommersant, 26 August 1994, p. 3.

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  47. Delovoi mir, 1 October 1994, pp. 2–3; Zavtra, No. 9, March 1995, pp. 1–2.

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  48. Delovoi mir, 19 June 1993, p. 1.

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  49. Vserossiiskii soiuz ‘Obnovlenie’. Voprosy i otvety, Moscow, 1993, p. 4. See pp. 6–7 for evidence of the debate over which should be the main orientation of ‘Obnovlenie’. One of the leaders of both RSPP and ‘Obnovlenie’, Aleksandr Vladislavlev, stressed the ‘leading role’ of industrialists within the movement: ‘They are best able to separate the essence of market reforms from the impurities and dross. They will find the necessary relationship between economic freedom and sensible state regulation. They will not allow the unavoidable restructuring of production within the process of financial rehabilitation to become a collapse. The guarantee of this is the firm alliance of the knowledge and grasp of the industrialists, the persistence and innovativeness of “business people”, and the broad horizons and erudition of free thinking economists.’ Segodnia, 20 April 1993, quoted in Biznes i politika, No. 5, 1995, p. 8.

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  50. For the membership of the Civic Union, see Kommersant, 11 November 1992, p. 8; Rabochaia tribuna, 15 May 1992, p. 1.

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  51. Kommersant, 13 November 1992, p. 9; RFE/RL Daily Report, 24 May 1993; 9 June 1993.

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  52. Biznes i politika, p. 7. See also Kommersant, 28 September 1993, p. 3; 17 November 1993, p. 3.

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  53. Many other industry and business structures did participate. See Biznes i politika, No. 1, 1994, pp. 9–12.

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  54. See the interview with A. Orlov, executive secretary of KSBR, in Delovoi mir, 14 September 1995, p. 5. The issue was debated at KSBR’s First Congress of Russian Entrepreneurs in December 1994. Biznes i politika, No. 2, 1995, p. 11.

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  55. See Vasilisa Zul’fikarova’s evaluation of the First Congress of Russian Entepreneurs: ‘Although the leaders of the KSBR were able to strengthen their organization and legitimize their leadership, they were not able to bring about a quantum leap in the process of the organization of Russian entrepreneurs and they proved incapable of raising the level of their influence over the political process.’ Biznes i politika, No. 2, 1995, p. 12.

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  56. Nezavisimaia gazeta, 20 April 1995, p. 1.

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  57. For KRO’s economic programme, see Delovoi mir, 25 November 1995, p. 3.

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  58. See Vol’skii in Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 37, 1991, p. 15, No. 3, 1992, p. 5, and his first vice-president Vladislavlev in Poisk, No. 44, 1991, p. 5.

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  59. P. Hanson and E. Teague, ‘The industrialists and Russian economic reform’, RFE/RL Research Report, 8 May 1992, p. 5; McFaul, ‘Russian centrism’, p. 198; Biznes i politika, No. 1, 1994, p. 7. For a detailed discussion, see Lohr, ‘Arkadii Vol’skii’s’, pp. 818–27.

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  60. Inzhenernaia gazeta, 11 February 1991, p. 3; Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 52, 1990, p. 2.

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  61. Izvestiia, 28 June 1991, p. 2; Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 37, 1991, p. 15; Informatsionnyi Vestnik, No. 1, 1992, p. 8.

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  62. For biographical details, see Hanson and Teague, ‘The industrialists’, p. 3. 98. Inzhenernaia gazeta, 11 February 1991, p. 3.

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  63. For RSPP vice presidents and board members, see Informatsionnyi Vestnik, No. 1, 1992, pp. 37–44.

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  64. Hanson and Teague, ‘The industrialists’, p. 6; Inzhenernaia gazeta, 22 February 1991, p. 1; Ekonomika i zhizn’, No. 39, 1991, p. 11; The Economist, 29 August 1992, p. 42.

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  65. Kommersant, 11 May 1995, p. 3.

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  66. Biznes i politika, No. 1, 1994, pp. 7–8. Here the distinction between the constituencies of RSPP and FTR is characterized as being, respectively, those whose market situation is middling and so who want both state support and freedom to manoeuvre in the marketplace, and those whose position is so hopeless that they simply want state support at the price of state control. See also Kommersant, 23 September 1994, p. 3.

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  67. See the economic theses presented to the Third Congress of Russian Commodity Producers. Delovoi mir, 14 September 1994, pp. 1–2.

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  68. Delovoi mir, 20 October 1994, p. 1.

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  69. Kommersant, 18 April 1995, p. 8.

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  70. Metallurg, No. 6, 1993, p. 20.

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  71. Kommersant, 19 October 1993, p. 9.

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  72. Metallurg, No. 6, 1993, p. 20.

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  73. The sectoral Unions of Exporters want access to customs records in order to trace enterprises exporting at low prices. Kommersant, 10 February 1995, p. 11.

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  74. Kommersant, 12 October 1994, p. 11.

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  75. Kommersant, 15 September 1994, p. 11. This association is also used as a lobbying instrument by its members. Kommersant, 8 August 1995, p. 11.

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  76. Delovoi mir, 19 August 1994, p. 7.

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  77. There is also an International Association of Instrument Manufacturers. Delovoi mir, 28 September 1993, p. 1. The Eurasian Association of Coal and Metal Producers is another coordinating body at the CIS level, but since it is a truly interstate body set up by state treaty, it will be mentioned here only in a footnote. Tsvetnye metally, No. 2, 1994, pp. 4–6; Metallurg, No. 6, 1994, pp. 9–10.

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  78. Metallurg, No. 2, 1993, pp. 3–6; Stal’., No. 1, 1994, pp. 1–4; No. 12, 1994, p. 22.

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  79. Kommersant, 14 October 1994, p. 9; 2 January 1995, p. 6; Delovoi mir, 5–11 December 1994, p. 7.

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  80. At the time it was set up, Kolpakov claimed of the International Union of Metallurgists, that ‘[it] has no claims on the functions of existing management structures, including committees for metallurgy.’ Metallurg, No. 2, 1993, p. 6.

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  81. For examples, see Metallurg, No. 5, 1993, p. 6.

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  82. Metallurg, No. 5, 1993, p. 6.

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  83. Izvestiia, 23 March 1995, p. 2; Kommersant, 25 April 1995, p. 1; 12 May 1995, p. 5; Finansovye Izvestiia, 25 May 1995, pp. 1 and 10.

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  84. Izvestiia, 12 August 1994, p. 5; Kommersant, 8 December 1994, pp. 1 and 5. Other divisions are between solid banks looking for stability and those not so solid wanting the inflation and exchange rate fluctuations that allow them to turn a profit. Nezavisimaia gazeta, 10 December 1995, p. 4.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Political Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

    Stephen Fortescue (Senior Lecturer and Head of School)

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© 1997 Stephen Fortescue

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Fortescue, S. (1997). Representative Associations. In: Policy-Making for Russian Industry. Studies in Russian and East European History and Society. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14172-2_5

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