Abstract
In 1744, a concordat between the shaykh Muḥammad Ibn ’Abd al-Wahhāb and the amīr Muḥammad Ibn Sa’ūd gave rise to the Wahhābiyya movement. Because of the centrality of Arabia and the militancy of the Wahhābiyya, some historians believed that other Islamic reform movements of the eighteenth century were ramifications of the Wahhābiyya. In this way they could also explain the simultaneous appearance of Islamic reform movements in places as distant from the centre as China, Indonesia and West Africa.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
See the Introduction to N. Levtzion & J.O. Voll (eds.), Eighteenth Century Renewal and Reform in Islam, Syracuse 1987, pp. 3–20.
For Morocco, see N. Levtzion & G. Weigert, “Religious Reform in Morocco in the Eighteenth Century,” North African, Arabic and Islamic Studies in Honor of Pesach Shinar, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, XIII (1995), pp. 173–197.
C.R. Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825, London 1969;
R.B. Serjeant, The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast, Oxford 1963;
and N. Steensgaard, The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seventeenth Century, Chicago 1973.
M. Niebuhr, Travels through Arabia and Other Countries in the East, London 1792, pp. 153, 417–418.
Ashir Dan Gupta, “Trade and Politics in Eighteenth Century India,” in D.S. Richards (ed.), Islam and the Trade of Asia: A Colloquium, Oxford 1970, 181–214.
G. Fisher, Barbary Legend, Oxford 1957;
P. Mason, Histoire de l’établissements et du commerce français dans l’Afrique barbaresque, 1560–1793, Paris 1903.
Abu’l-Qasim al-Zayyānī, Al-Turjamāna al-kubrā fi akhbār al-ma’mūr barran wabaḥran, Rabat 1967, pp. 58–60, 83–86, 379–380;
’Alī Ḥarazm, Jawāhir al-ma’ānī wa-bulūgh al-amānī, Cairo 1929, I, p. 39.
J.O. Voll, “Ḥadīth Scholars and Ṯarīqahs: An ‘Ulamā’ Group in Eighteenth Century Ḥaramayn and Their Impact on the Muslim World,” Journal of Asian and African Studies, XV (1980), pp. 264–273, particularly p. 266.
Muḥammad Amīn al-Muḥibbī, Khulāṣat al-athār fi a’yān al-qarn al-ḥadī’ashar, Beirut 1966, IV, pp. 39–42.
Al-Jabartī, ‘Ajā’ib al-athār (above, note 11), I, pp. 208–209; J.O Voll, “’Abdallāh ibn Sālim al-Baṣrī and 18th-Century Ḥadīth Scholarship,” paper presented to MESA meeting in Baltimore, November 1987.
Y. Friedmann, Shaykh Aḥmad Sirhindi: An Outline of His Thought and a Study of His Image in the Eyes of Posterity, Montreal 1971, pp. 8, 96–101, 119.
A.H. Johns, “Islam in Southeast Asia: Problems and Perspectives,” in C.D. Cowan & O.W. Wolters (eds.), Southeast Asian History and Historiography, Ithaca, N.Y., 1976, pp. 304–320.
J. Fletcher, “Les voies (turuq) soufies en Chine,” in A. Popovic & G. Veinstein (eds.), Les Ordres mystiques de l’Islam, Paris 1986, pp. 14–26.
Mohamed A. Al-Freih, “The Historical Background of the Emergence of Muḥammad Ibn ’Abd al-Wahhāb and His Movement,” Ph.D. Dissertation, UCLA, 1990, pp. 333–334;
and S.A.A. Rizvi, Shāh Walī Allāh and his Times, Canberra 1980, pp. 215–216, 225, 295, 396–397.
J.O. Voll, “Muḥammad Ḥayāt al-Sindī and Muḥammad ibn ’Abd al-Wahhāb: An Analysis of an Intellectual Group in Eighteenth Century Madina,” Bulletin SOAS, xv (1980), pp. 32–39.
’Abdallāh ibn Fūdī, Tazyīn al-waraqāt, ed. and English transl. by M. Hiskett, Ibadan 1963, p. 38; transl., p. 95. Hayāt al-Sindī studied with Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Kabīr and taught Abu’l-Ḥasan al-Saghīr. The latter, the teacher of Muḥammad Rāj, was Abu’l-Ḥasan Muḥammad b. Muḥammad Ṣadīq al-Sindī. He was born in Sind in 1713, came to Medina in 1747, and died there in or after 1773. See Tarājim a’yān al-madīna al-munawwara fi’l-qarn al-thānī ’ashar (author unknown), ed. Muḥammad al-Tawunjī, Jedda 1984, p. 59.
Ibn Bishr, ’Unwān al-majd fī ta’rīkh Najd, Beirut, n.d., p. 17; ’Abdallāh Ṣāliḥ al-’Uthaymin, “Muḥammad ibn ’Abd al-Wahhāb: The Man and His Works,” Ph.D. Dissertation, Edinburgh, 1972, pp. 68–74; Al-Freih, “Historical Background of Ibn ’Abd al-Wahhāb” (above, note 23), p. 337; M. Cook, “On the Origins of Wahhābism,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Series 3, II (1992), p. 192.
Al-Freih, “Historical Background of Ibn ’Abd al-Wahhāb,” p. 334 (above, note 23, quoting Qāsim Aḥmad, Ibn al-Amīr wa-’aṣruhu, n.d., p. 128, and ’Abd al-Raḥmān Ba’kar, Musliḥ al-Yaman, 1988, p. 70).
J.O. Hunwick, “Ṣāliḥ al-Fullānī of Futa Jallon: an Eighteenth-Century Scholar and mujaddid,” Bulletin IFAN, XL (1978), pp. 879–885; idem, “Ṣāliḥ al-Fullānī (1752/3–1803); The Career and Teaching of a West African ’Ālim in Medina,” in A.H. Green (ed.), In Quest of Islamic Humanism: Arabic and Islamic Studies in Memory of Mohamed al-Nowaihi, Cairo 1984, pp. 139–154.
R.S. O’Fahey, Enigmatic Saint: Ahmad Ibn Idris and the Idrisi Tradition, Evanston 1990, pp. 58–80.
Husayn b. ’Abdallāh al-’Amrī, The Yemen in the 18th & 19th Centuries: A Political and Intellectual History, London 1985, pp. 106–114.
Tarājim a’yān al-Madīna (above, note 27), p. 95: “akhadha al-ṭarīqa wa-awradahu waintafa’a bihi,” and al-Murādī, Silk al-durar (above, note 12), IV, pp. 60–61: “waqāma ’alā waẓā’ if al-azvrād wa’l-adhkār.” On Muṣṭafā al-Bakrī’s call for exclusivity, see G. Weigert, “The Khalwatiyya in Egypt in the Eighteenth Century,” Ph.D. Dissertation, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1989, pp. 107–108, quoting al-Jabartī, ’Ajā’ib al-athār (above, note 11), IV, p. 66.
Aḥmad ’Alī al-Bashīr, Al-Adab al-sūfī fi’l-Sūdān, Cairo 1970, p. 43; P.M. Holt, “Holy Families and Islam in the Sudan,” Princeton Near East Papers, IV (1967).
Na’ūm Shuqayr, Jughrāfiyya wa-ta’rikh al-Sūdān, Cairo 1903–1904, III, 113–118.
J.L. Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia, London 1829, 1, p. 389.
An example of a trading town that was deserted in the wake of a civil war and the diversion of its trade route was Salaga in the northern region of Ghana, toward the end of the nineteenth century; see N. Levtzion, Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa, Oxford 1968, pp. 26–48.
K. Vikor, “Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge: Muhammad b. ’Alī al-Sanūsī (1787–1859),” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Bergen, 1991, pp. 92–99.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1998 The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Levtzion, N., Weigert, G. (1998). The Muslim Holy Cities as Foci of Islamic Revivalism in the Eighteenth Century. In: Kedar, B.Z., Werblowsky, R.J.Z. (eds) Sacred Space. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14084-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14084-8_16
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-14086-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-14084-8
eBook Packages: Palgrave Religion & Philosophy CollectionPhilosophy and Religion (R0)