Abstract
The weapons used in symbolic conflict are ideas, but the outcome can be measured only in terms of the impact of those ideas on government policy formation and the construction of popular opinion. The categories of meaning employed by government in defining an event or issue do not passively reflect an objective reality, but rather actively construct which social problems are significant and which insignificant, and accordingly, which political solutions are judged beneficial and which misguided. Thus, since every policy issue is contested in a symbolic arena, an analysis of the new racism of the New Right would be incomplete without an examination of the symbiotic relationship between it and the policy formation process in the era of Reaganism and Thatcherism and beyond.
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Notes
Norman C. Amaker, Civil Rights and the Reagan Administration (Washington DC: The Urban Institute, 1988) p. 163.
Chester Finn, ‘Affirmative Action Under Reagan’, p. 22.
Orrin Hatch, quoted in In These Times (23 September 1983) p. 8.
Allan C. Brownfeld and J.A. Parker, ‘Editor’s Comment’, Lincoln Review, 3.1 (Summer 1982) pp. 3–21.
William Bradford Reynolds, quoted in Finn, ‘Affirmative Action Under Reagan’ p. 22.
William Bradford Reynolds, In These Times (28 September 1983) p. 8.
Ex-Attorney General Smith, quoted in Finn, ‘Affirmative Action Under Reagan’, p. 22.
These trends and others are discussed at length in: Michael Orni, ‘We Shall Overturn: Race and the Contemporary American Right’ (University of California — Santa Cruz: unpublished doctoral dissertation, 1987) p. 133.
Ronald Reagan; quoted in Finn, ‘Affirmative Action Under Reagan’, p. 27.
Orrin Hatch, quoted in Brownfeld and Parker, ‘Editor’s Comment’, Lincoln Review, 3.1, p. 9.
Finn, ‘Affirmative Action Under Reagan’, p. 26.
The statistics in this paragraph are taken from: John L. Palmer and Isabel V. Sawhill (eds), The Reagan Record: An Assessment of American Changing Domestic Priorities, An Urban Institute Study (Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1984) pp. 204–7.
Clarence Thomas, ‘Thomas Sowell and the Heritage of Lincoln: Ethnicity and Individual Freedom’, Lincoln Review (Winter 1988), p. 18.
Palmer and Sawhill, The Reagan Record, pp. 204–5.
Mary Frances Berry, ‘Taming the Civil Rights Commission’, The Nation (2 February 1985) p. 107.
Quoted in Terry Eastland, ‘George Bush’s Quota Bill: The Dismaying Impact of Griggs’, Policy Review (Summer 1991) p. 48.
Thomas Edsall with Mary Edsall, ‘When the official subject is presidential politics, taxes, welfare, crime, rights, or values … the real subject is RACE’, The Atlantic Monthly (May 1991) pp. 53–86.
Clint Bolick, ‘Time for an Omnibus Civil Rights Bill’, Backgrounder (30 April 1991) p. 2.
Eastland, ‘George Bush’s Quota Bill’, pp. 45, 49.
Bolick, ‘Time for an Omnibus Civil Rights Bill’, p. 6.
Patrick Buchanan, ‘Affirmative Action Quicksand?’, Washington Times (23 January 1995) p. 16.
William Honan, ‘Organized Efforts to End Affirmative Action Grow Nationally’, New York Times (31 March 1996).
Kevin Merida, ‘Dole Aims at Affirmative Action’, New York Times (28 July 1995).
Steven Holmes, ‘GOP lawmakers offer a ban on federal affirmative action’, New York Times (28 July, 1995).
Jason DeParle, ‘Rant/Listen, Exploit/Learn, Scare/Help, Manipulate/Lead’, New York Times Magazine (28 January 1996) p. 37.
Newt Gingrich, quoted in letters to the editor, Washington Post (2 August 1995).
Steven Holmes, ‘Preferences are Splitting Republicans’, New York Times (29 July 1995).
Carl Cohen, ‘Race, Lies, and ‘“Hopwood”’, Commentary (June 1996) p. 44.
Steven A. Shull, A Kinder, Gentler Racism? The Reagan-Bush Civil Rights Legacy (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1993).
Linda Greenhouse, ‘Justices increase workers’ burden in job-bias case’ New York Times (26 June 1993).
John F. Dovidio, ‘Affirmative Action and Contemporary Racial Bias: Need and Resistance’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada (August 1996).
David Wellman, ‘Minstrel Shows, Affirmative Action Talk, and Angry White Men: Marking Racial Otherness in the 1990s’, paper presented to the American Sociological Association Annual Convention, New York (August 1996).
Donna Britt, ‘Letting statistics do the talking’, The Weekly Journal (3 August 1995).
Richard Morin and Sharon Warden, ‘Americans Vent Anger at Affirmative Action’, Washington Post (24 March 1995).
Peter Kilborn, ‘Women and minorities still face Glass Ceiling’, New York Times (15 March 1995).
Adolph Reed, Jr, ‘Assault on Affirmative Action’, in Chip Beriet (ed.), Eyes Right!
Steven Holmes, ‘Income Gap Persists for Blacks and Whites’, New York Times (23 February 1995).
Wellman, ‘Ministrel Shows’, p. 7.
Edward S. Herman, ‘America the Meritocracy’, Z Magazine (July/August 1996) p. 38.
Wellman, ‘Ministrel Shows’, p. 9.
Melvin L. Oliver and Thomas M. Shapiro, Black Wealth/White Wealth: A New Perspective on Racial Inequality (New York: Routledge, 1995).
Wellman, ‘Minstrel Shows’, p. 9.
R.J. Struyk, A. Turner, and M. Fix, Opportunities Denied, Opportunities Diminished: Discrimination in Housing (Washington DC: The Urban Institute, 1995).
Herman, ‘America the Meritocracy’ p. 38.
Orlando Patterson, ‘Affirmative Action, on the Merit System’, New York Times (7 August 1995).
Kevin Merida, ‘Study Finds Little Evidence of Reverse Discrimination’, Washington Post (31 March 1995).
Amaker, Civil Rights, p. 45.
William Bradford Reynolds; quoted in New York Times (20 November 1981).
David Nevin and Robert E. Bills, The Schools that Fear Built: Segregationist Academies in the South (Washington: Acropolis, 1976).
Amaker, Civil Eights, p. 53.
George Bush, quoted in Alexander Cockburn, ‘Cred Menace’, New Statesman and Society (24 May 1991).
Reginald Wilson, ‘The State of Black Higher Education: Crisis and Promise’, in The State of Black America 1989 (Washington DC: Urban League, 1989) p. 132.
Alexander Cockburn, ‘Bush and “PC” — A Conspiracy So Immense’, The Nation (27 May 1991) p. 691.
Wilson, ‘The State of Black Higher Education’, p. 132.
Alfred Garwood, Black Americans: A Statistical Sourcebook (Boulder, Colo.: Numbers and Concepts, 1991) p. 130.
Andrew Hacker, ‘Affirmative Action: The New Look’, New York Review of Books (12 October 1989) p. 65.
Rochelle Stanfield, The Wedge Issue’, Legal Affairs (1 April 1995), p. 791.
Cockburn, ‘Bush and “PC”’, p. 691.
Palmer and Sawhill, The Reagan Record, p. 1.
Sharon Smith, ‘Twilight of the American Dream’, International Socialism, 54 (Spring 1992) p. 11.
Palmer and Sawhill, The Reagan Record, p. 97.
Smith, ‘Twilight of the American Dream’, p. 11.
Kevin Phillips, The Politics of Rich and Poor: Wealth and the American Electorate in the Reagan Aftermath (New York: Random House, 1990)
quoted in Sharon Smith, ‘Twilight of the American Dream’, p. 13.
‘The 1980s: A Very Good Time for the Very Rich’, New York Times (5 March 1992).
The indicators in this paragraph are from: Roger Wilkins, ‘Smiling Racism’, The Nation (3 November 1984) p. 437.
The indicators in this paragraph are taken from the article: ‘Black Americans Still Trailing Behind’, The Economist (3 March 1990) pp. 17–20.
Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward, The New Class War: Reagan’s Attack on the Welfare State and Its Consequences (New York: Pantheon, 1982) p. 1.
Palmer and Sawhill, The Reagan Record, p. 187.
Smith, ‘Twilight of the American Dream’, p. 13.
‘Hard Times for Black Americans’, Dollars and Sense (April 1986) p. 7
quoted in Orni, ‘We Shall Overturn’, p. 240.
‘The War Against the Poor’, New York Times (6 May 1992).
Charles Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy 1950–1980 (New York: Basic Books, 1984)
Lawrence Mead, Beyond Entitlement: The Social Obligations of Citizenship (New York: The Free Press, 1986)
George Gilder, Wealth and Poverty (New York: Basic Books, 1981)
Marlin Fitzwater, quoted in David Rosenbaum, ‘White House Speaking in Code on Riot’s Cause’, New York Times (6 May 1992).
Ronald Reagan, ‘The Queen of Welfare’, Conservative Digest (March 1977) p. 19.
For more details on this, see ‘People on Welfare, Too, Find a Lot to Criticize’, New York Times (1 August 1996).
Sanford F. Schram, Words of Welfare: The Poverty of Social Science and the Social Science of Poverty (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995) p. 132.
Jason DeParle, ‘Rant/Listen, Exploit/Learn, Scare/Help, Manipulate/Lead’, p. 56.
Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law, Welfare Reform News (December 1994) p. 7.
Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law, Living at the Bottom (New York, 1994).
James Atlas, ‘Clinton signs bill to cut welfare and change with state role’, New York Times (23 August 1996).
Mickey Caus, ‘Clinton’s welfare endgame’, Newsweek (5 August 1996) p. 65.
Alan Finder, ‘Welfare clients outnumber jobs they might fill’, New York Times (22 August 1996).
Schram, Words of Welfare, p. 100.
Linda Chavez, ‘The Myth of Immigrants and Welfare’, USA Today (3 May 1994) p. 11A.
Paul Gordon and Francesca Klug, British Immigration Control: a brief guide (London: Runnymede Trust, 1985).
Roy Hattersley, quoted in Miles and Phizacklea, White Man’s Country, p. 57.
Margaret Thatcher, quoted in Daily Mail (31 January 1978).
Margaret Thatcher, quoted in The Times (1 February 1978).
Tony Marlow, quoted in Ruth Brown, ‘Racism and Immigration Controls’, International Socialism, 68 (Autumn 1995) p. 25.
Ruth Brown, ‘Racism and Immigration Controls’, p. 26.
Since 1987, fines totalling £62m have been imposed, see: ‘Proposed legislation on asylum’, Refugee Council Briefing Report (June 1995).
Brown, ‘Racism and Immigration Controls’, p. 27.
Ronald Butt, Sunday Times (10 February 1980).
Runnymede Trust Bulletin (November 1992) p. 2.
Brown, ‘Racism and Immigration Control’, p. 27.
In its study of asylum cases, Amnesty International has accused the British government of systematically violating international law over the detention of asylum-seekers in Britain; for more on this, see European Race Audit (London: Institute of Race Relations, December 1994) p. 22.
Runneymede Trust Bulletin (December 1994/January 1995) p. 3.
Winston Churchill, quoted in ‘Broken Promises’, Garavi Gujarat (5 June 1993).
Charles Wardle, quoted in ‘Race Card with a European Dimension’, Runnymede Trust Bulletin (February 1995).
For more on this, see: ‘Big rise in immigrants ordered out’, Daily Telegraph (12 August 1995).
For more on the furore over these proposals, see ‘Howard fuels ethnic cleansing’, Caribbean Times (29 July 1995).
For more on this, see: Alan Travis, ‘Figures give lie to illegal immigration scares’, Guardian (26 June 1995).
Home Office Report, The Settlement of Refugees in Britain (1995).
‘No to passport checks’, CARF (May–June 1993).
Charity groups were reported to have prepared for a surge in asylum-seekers who were expected to become destitute when their benefits were stopped at the beginning of 1996 under the new rules: Martin Linton, ‘Surge in asylum pleas’, Guardian (20 October 1995).
Alan Travis, ‘Cabinet split on race issue’, Guardian (5 October 1995).
Gillian Shephard, quoted in Alan Travis, ‘Howard “racist” plan alarms industry’, Guardian (6 October 1995).
Roy Hattersley, quoted in: Brown, ‘Racism and Immigration Controls’, p. 30.
Brown, ‘Racism and Immigration Controls’, p. 32.
A. Sivanandan, quoted in Frances Webber, ‘European conventions on immigration and asylum’, in Tony Bunyan (ed.), Statewatching the New Europe: a hand book on the European State (Nottingham: Russell Press, 1993).
A. Sivanandan, quoted in ‘Europe: Variations on a Theme of Racism’, Race and Class (January/March, 1991)
also see A. Sivanandan, ‘The New Racism’, New Statesman and Society (4 November 1988).
Institute of Race Relations, Policing Against Black People (London: Institute of Race Relations, 1987) p. vii.
Stuart Hall, Chris Critcher, Tony Jefferson, John Clarke, and Brian Roberts, Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order (London: Macmillan, 1978).
Margaret Thatcher; quoted in Paul Gordon and Francesca Klug, New Right New Racism, p. 51.
Peregrine Worsthorne, Sunday Telegraph (12 July 1981).
Margaret Thatcher, quoted in Searchlight (1 April 1983) p. 6
Margaret Thatcher; quoted in James Wightman, ‘Hope by Thatcher’, Daily Telegraph (12 November 1985).
John Major, ‘Back to Basics’, Conservative Party News (8 October 1993).
Paul Wilkinson, ‘Police blame cultural gap for rioting’, The Times (12 June 1995)
Bhiku Parekh, ‘Bradford’s culture clash’, Independent (12June 1995)
G. Agedah, ‘Condon, Mugging and the Black Community’, Nigerian News (August 1995)
‘Condon row’, Searchlight (August 1995) pp. 6–8
Runnymede Trust Bulletin (July/August 1995) p. 1.
Jack Straw, quoted in ‘Condon row’, Searchlight (August 1995) p. 6.
Institute of Race Relations, European Race Audit (March 1995) pp. 1, 4.
This investigation is reported in Police Review (26 November 1993).
Vicky Graham, ‘Roots of urban disorder still flourishing in inner London’, Police Review ( 11 July 1995).
Gordon and Klug, New Right New Racism p. 48.
Douglas Hurd, ‘Rivers of Complacency’, Independent (25 April 1988).
Douglas Hurd, ‘Races Apart’, Daily Telegraph (17 May 1989).
Ashok Bhat, Roy Carr-Hill and Shushel Ohri, Britain’s Black Population: A New Perspective, 2nd edn (Aldershot: Brookfields, USA: Gower, 1988).
Colin Brown, Black and White Britain: The Third PSI Study (London: Heinemann, 1984).
Also see Colin Brown and Pat Gay, Racial Discrimination: Years After the Act (London, Policy Studies Institute, 1985).
Brown, Black and White Britain, p. 323.
S. Ohri and S. Faruqui, Racism, Employment and Unemployment (London: Runnymede Trust Archives, 1988).
‘Tory right urges revolt on race contract rule’, Independent (15 December 1987).
John Patten, quoted in D. Lister, ‘Writer attacks Left’s stance on racism’, Independent (19 August 1989).
John Townend, quoted in Searchlight (October 1989).
Norman Tebbit, quoted in Daily Telegraph (15 January 1990).
‘Revival of Loony Left’, The Voice (15 August 1995).
John Taylor, quoted in ‘A Black Conservative Dissents’, Guardian (13 October 1993).
The Runnymede Trust, Trends and Inequalities (London: Runnymede Trust, 1995).
For more details on the report, see: ‘Trickle-down backed up’, The Economist (18 February 1995).
‘Trickle-down backed up’, The Economist (18 February 1995).
Herman Ousley, ‘Commentary’, Municipal Journal (21–7 July 1995).
Ken Jones, Right Turn: The Conservative Revolution in Education (London: Hutchinson Radius, 1989).
Margaret Thatcher; quoted in Guardian (12 October 1985).
Chris Searle, ‘In Nobody’s Ghetto: Beyond Multicultural Education’, edited from a speech given to the Conference of the National Anti-Racist Movement in Education (Derby: April 1990) p. 15.
Institute of Race Relations, ‘Education’s new ethnocentric order’, CARF (March-April 1992) pp. 8–9.
Institute of Race Relations, ‘Racist exclusions’, CARF (November-December, 1992) p. 9.
For more on racist exclusions, see: Aubrey Rose, ‘Lost boys’, Guardian (1 August 1995).
Runnymede Trust Bulletin, ‘Section 11 Funding under Fire’, (July/August, 1993) p. 3.
Minette Marrin, ‘Say “no” to the trendies’, Sunday Telegraph (23 July 1995).
Mark Foster, ‘Putting Britain back in the classrooms’ mark’, Northern Echo (19 July 1995).
‘We’ve lost our grip on greatness’, Daily Mail (21 July 1995).
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© 1997 Amy Elizabeth Ansell
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Ansell, A.E. (1997). The New Racism and the Racial State. In: New Right, New Racism. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13927-9_6
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