Abstract
Japan will be a dominant player on the international stage in the 1990s. Its formidable productive capacity has already made it the world’s number two economic power with a $3 trillion gross national product. Its growing technological prowess helps it outsell its competitors in international markets. Its enormous capital surpluses have turned it into the world’s largest asset holder as well as the leading capital exporter. In economic terms, although not politically or militarily, Japan has come to rival the United States and has surpassed any single European nation.
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Notes
The classic statement of early US-Latin American American relations is Samuel Flagg Bemis, The Latin American Policy of the United States: An Historical Interpretation (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1943). For a Latin American view of that period, see Alonso Aguilar, Pan-Americanism from Monroe to the Present: A View from the Other Side (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1968), especially chs. 1–5.
This term comes from Mira Wilkins, The Emergence of Multinational Enterprise: American Business Abroad from the Colonial Era to 1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1970). chs. 6–8
One of the most authoritative studies of early US investments is Cleona Lewis, America’s Stake in International Investments (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1938).
An account of US-Latin American economic relations during the early postwar years is Raymond Mikesell, (ed.), US Private and Government Investment Abroad (Eugene: University of Oregon Books. 1962).
On the Alliance for Progress, see Jerome Levinson and Juan de Onis, The Alliance that Lost its Way (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1970).
Private bank loans to Latin America in the 1970s are contrasted to those of the 1920s in Barbara Stallings, Banker to the Third World: US Portfolio Investment in Latin America, 1900–86 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987).
For a comparison of US relations with Central America and the rest of the region during the 1980s, see Abraham Lowenthal, Partners in Conflict (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1987).
The treaty provisions and related documents can be found in R.K. Jain, Japan’s Postwar Peace Settlements (New Delhi: Radiant Publishers, 1978) pp. 149–221.
An important analysis of the “Yoshida Doctrine” is found in Kenneth Pyle, “Japan, the World, and the Twenty-first Century,” in Takashi Inoguchi and Daniel Okimoto, (eds.), The Political Economy of Japan: The Changing International Context (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988).
The major reference for analyzing the postwar economic growth of Japan is Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, (eds.), Asia’s New Giant: How the Japanese Economy Works (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1976).
Robert Gilpin, The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987) p. 6.
On recent US—Japanese economic relations, see C. Fred Bergsten and William R. Cline, The United States — Japan Economic Problem (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1987), and Bela Belassa and Marcus Noland, Japan in the World Economy (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1988).
Examples of political analysis reflecting the frustration of many in the United States are James Fallows, More Like Us: Making America Great Again (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1989)
Clyde Prestowitz, Trading Places (New York: Basic Books, 1988); and Pat Choate, Agents of Influence (New York: Alfred K. Knopf, 1990). A balancing frustration on the Japanese side is seen in Shintaro Ishihara, The Japan that Can Say No (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1991).
Barbara Stallings, “Japanese Trade Relations with Latin America: New Opportunities in the 1990s?”, in Mark Rosenberg (ed.), The Changing Hemispheric Trade Environment: Opportunities and Obstacles (Miami: Florida International University Press, 1991).
Lester Thurow, Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1992).
On the North American Free Trade Area, see Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott, North American Free Trade: Issues and Recommendations (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1992). On the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative (EAI), see Sylvia Saborio et al., The Premise and the Promise: Free Trade in the Americas (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, 1992). A surprisingly favorable Latin American response to the EAI is Latin American Economic System, The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative in the Context of Latin American and Caribbean Relations with the United States (Caracas: SELA, 1991).
Leon Hollerman, Japan’s Economic Strategy in Brazil: Challenge for the United States (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988) p. 18.
Susan Kaufman Purcell and Robert M. Immerman, “Japan, Latin America, and the United States: Prospects for Cooperation and Conflict,” in Susan Kaufman Purcell and Robert M. Immerman, (eds.), Japan and Latin America in the New Global Order (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1992).
Ibid. For a similar line of analysis, see also Peter H. Smith, Japan, Latin America, and the New International Order (Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, V.R.F. Series 179, 1990).
On declining US aid flows, see James H. Michel, Statement before Subcommittee on Foreign Operations, Committee on Appropriations, US House of Representatives, Washington, DC, March 13, 1991. On new US relations with Latin America, see Abraham Lowenthal, “Rediscovering Latin America,” Foreign Affairs (Fall 1990).
On differing US and Japanese strategies with respect to natural resource investments, see Charles Oman et al., New Forms of Investment in Developing Countries (Paris: OECD, 1989) and Oliver Bomsel et al, Mining and Metallurgy Investment in the Third World (Paris: OECD, 1990).
A debate has been raging for a number of years now on the relative weight of the Japanese bureaucracy compared to other groups in Japanese society. For a case study of the issue in the financial sector, see Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Financial Politics in Contemporary Japan (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989). See also comments by Kotaro Horisaka, “Japan’s Economic Relations with Latin America” (ch. 2 this volume).
Barbara Stallings, “The Role of Foreign Capital in Latin America and East Asia,” in Gary Gereffi and Donald Wyman, (eds.), Manufacturing Miracles (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990) pp. 64–66.
An analysis of the Non-Aligned Movement and its relations with the superpowers is found in Archie Singham, The Non-Aligned Movement in World Politics (New York: Lawrence & Hill, 1977). On the Southeast Asia position, see Lee Poh-ping, “Japan and the Asia — Pacific Region,” paper presented at the Woodrow Wilson Center conference on Japan and the World, Washington, DC, January 1992.
On problems encountered by small countries trying to follow socialist development strategies, see Richard Fagen, Carmen Diana Deere and José Luis Corragio, (eds.), Transition to Socialism in Small Peripheral Societies (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988).
On Brazilian diversification, see Sylvia Ann Hewlett, The Cruel Dilemmas of Development: Twentieth-Century Brazil (New York: Basic Books, 1980), ch. 7
Werner Baer, The Brazilian Economy: Growth and Development (New York: Praeger, 1983), especially ch. 8; and Peter Evans and Gary Gereffi, “Foreign Investment and Dependent Development,” in Sylvia Ann Hewlett and Richard Weinert, (eds.), Brazil and Mexico (Philadelphia: ISHI, 1982).
Laurence Whitehead, “Debt, Diversification, and Dependency: Latin America’s International Political Relations,” in Kevin Middlebrook and Carlos Rico, (eds.), The United States and Latin America in the 1980s (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1986).
On the existing trilateral relations among the United States, Japan, and Mexico, see Gabriel Székely, (ed.), Manufacturing across Borders and Oceans: Japan, the United States, and Mexico (San Diego: Center for US — Mexican Studies, 1991).
The joint volume is Towards New Forms of Economic Cooperation between Latin America and Japan (Santiago: ECLAC, 1987). The more recent collaboration is reported in Takao Fukuchi and Mitsuhiro Kagami, (eds.), Perspectives on the Pacific Basin Economy: A Comparison of Asia and Latin America (Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, 1989).
SELA’s Japan expert is Carlos J. Moneta. His most recent publication on Japan and Latin America is Japón y America Latina en los años noventa (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1991).
See Toni Yanagihara, Relaciones Grupo Andino/Japón (Lima: Junta del Acuerdo de Cartegena, 1991).
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© 1993 Barbara Stallings and Gabriel Székely
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Stallings, B., Székely, G. (1993). The New Trilateralism: The United States, Japan, and Latin America. In: Stallings, B., Székely, G. (eds) Japan, the United States, and Latin America. St Antony’s/Macmillan Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13128-0_1
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