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Animals and Alternatives in Toxicology pp 121–152Cite as

Alternative Methods and Their Application in Neurotoxicity Testing

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Abstract

It has been estimated that there are approximately 4–5 million chemical compounds in the environment, with around 50,000–60,000 in common industrial use (1). Up to 1,000 new chemicals enter commerce each year, so it is impossible for populations of living organisms, including man, to avoid exposure to chemicals in some form or another. The existence of this extensive chemical universe, plus the fact that some chemicals are highly toxic to biological systems, emphasises the need to define how chemicals can be safely incorporated into the fabric of modern societies. With regard to neurotoxicants, there is currently an increasing scientific and regulatory awareness of neurotoxicological issues as many more neurologically-important, environmental pollution problems arise; for example, problems involving exposure to lead, aluminium, tin, organic solvents and agrochemicals (2). Moreover, new, potentially centrally-active and neurotoxic xenobiotics are continually entering the development ‘pipeline’ in industry. To identify neurotoxic chemicals and then legislate their use in society, previous and current emphasis is on the use of in vivo methodology. The purpose of this review is to identify the main sources of information on existing in vitro neurotoxicity methods, to highlight some new techniques or concepts, and to indicate key reviews on invertebrate and lower vertebrate neuroscience, since, in theory, some of these simple nervous systems could be exploited for neurotoxicological testing purposes.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Celltox Centre, Division of Biosciences, Hatfield Polytechnic, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9AB, UK

    Christopher K. Atterwill

  2. ICI CTL, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TJ, UK

    Michael G. Simpson & Sandra L. Allen

  3. Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK

    Richard J. Evans

  4. MRC Toxicology Laboratories, Woodmansterne Road, Carshalton, Surrey, SM5 4EF, UK

    David Ray

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  1. Christopher K. Atterwill
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  4. Sandra L. Allen
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  5. David Ray
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Nottingham, UK

    Michael Balls (Professor of Medical Cell Biology) (Professor of Medical Cell Biology)

  2. University of Surrey, Guildford, UK

    James Bridges (Professor of Toxicology) (Professor of Toxicology)

  3. FRAME, Nottingham, UK

    Jacqueline Southee (Scientific Executive) (Scientific Executive)

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Atterwill, C.K., Simpson, M.G., Evans, R.J., Allen, S.L., Ray, D. (1991). Alternative Methods and Their Application in Neurotoxicity Testing. In: Balls, M., Bridges, J., Southee, J. (eds) Animals and Alternatives in Toxicology. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12667-5_5

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