Abstract
Much work has been done on stereotypical representations of women in Western literature from Kate Millet’s Sexual Politics (1968) to Lesley Ferris’ Acting Women: Images of Women in the Theatre (1990). In this chapter I examine some of the stereotypes of women in Polish literature and the effects of nationalism and state censorship on writer-women.
‘A woman who writes commits two crimes she increases the number of writers — and decreases the number of women.’
Julian Tuwim
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Notes
Jerzy, W. Solecki, ‘The Contemporary Polish State’, POLISH PERSPECTIVES, vol. XXI, no. 1 (1978) p. 7.
Tomasz Mianowicz, ‘Unofficial Publishing Lives On’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 12, no. 2 (1983) p. 24.
Czeslaw Milosz, HISTORY OF POLISH LITERATURE (London: Collier-Macmillan, 1969) p. 453.
Information on post-war censorship in Poland from: S. Barańczak, ‘The Gag and the Word’, SURVEY — A JOURNAL OF EAST AND WEST STUDIES, vol. 25, no. 1 (1980) Part II, 58–80; T. Nycezeck, ‘The Polish Cultural War’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 13. no. 4. (1984) 20; A. Short, ‘The Cultural War in Poland’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 11, no. 6, (1982) 8–12; M. J. Kryiński, ‘Poland 1977’. ‘The Emergence of Uncensored Literature’, THE POLISH REVIEW, vol. 23, no. II (1978) 64–75.
See C. Pszenicki, ‘Freedom of Expression in Jaruzelski’s Poland’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 12, no. 6 (1983) 8–11 and Kryiński, 1978, op. cit., pp. 74–75.
W. Bartowszewski, ‘Flying Through the Barrier of Fear’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 14, no. 2 (1985) 21–24.
Jackson Diehl, ‘Poland’s Flourishing Independent Culture’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 15. no. 6 (1986) 24–27.
Tadeusz Konwicki, A MINOR APOCALYPSE (MALA APOKALIPSA) translated by Richard Lourie (London: Faber, 1988).
A. Czerniawski, ‘The Polish Poet as Custodian of the Nation’s Conscience’, POLISHREVIEW, vol. XXIV, no. 4 (1979) 3–27.
Timothy Wiles, ‘Report from the State of War. Recent Writing in Poland’, TRIQUARTERLY, vol. 57, no. 1 (1983) 112–19.
Ryszard Kapuściński, ANOTHER DAY OF LIFE, trans. by W. R. Brand and K. Mroczokowska-Brand (London: Picador, 1987) 57.
B. Schulz, ‘Cinnamon Shops’ A. Gillon, L. Krzyzanowski, K. Olszer (eds), INTRODUCTION TO MODERN POLISH LITERATURE (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1982) p. 265.
C. Norwid, ‘Undressed’, cited in A. Czerniawski, THE BURNING FOREST: MODERN POLISH POETRY (Newcastle: Bloodaxe, 1988) p. 17.
J. Wittlin, SALT OF THE EARTH, chapter two, written 1935, from an extract in Gillon et al., 1982, op. cit., p. 190.
Dorothy Rosenburg, ‘The Emancipation of Women in fact and Fiction: The Changing Roles of Women in GDR Society and Literature’, in Wolchik and Meyer, 1985, op. cit.
Jerzy Zawiejski, CRY IN THE VOID, in Gillon et al., 1982, op. cit., p. 304 and 322.
K. Bielinski and M. Chojecki, ‘NOWA: Poland’s Unofficial Publisher’, INDEX ON CENSORSHIP, vol. 10, no. 1 (1981) 34–38.
Czeslaw Milosz, THE CAPTIVE MIND, trans. by J. Zielonko, third edition (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1985) p. x.
B. Keyna-Sharratt, ‘Playboys in Contemporary Polish Prose’, NEW ZEALAND SLAVONIC JOURNAL (1985) 133–40.
M. Choromański, ‘Radość’, in A. M. Schenker, FIFTEEN MODERN POLISH SHORT STORIES (Yale, 1964) p. 11.
Marian Farar, ‘Pornography’, POLISH PERSPECTIVES, vol. XXII, no. 1 (1979) 58–61.
Z. Herbert, ‘Pan Cognito on Virtue’ in A. Czerniawski, 1988, op. cit., p. 111.
Henryk Grynberg, ‘An American Fable’, in Gillon et al., 1982, p. 496.
Rafal Wajaczek, ‘Attempted Poem’, in Czemiawski, 1988, op. cit., p. 175.
Joanna Slawińska, WOMEN’S PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR CREATIVE WORK. MA Thesis. Universytetu Lódskiego. 1989. Unpublished, chapter 5.
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© 1992 Anna Reading
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Reading, A. (1992). Holes and Hope. In: Polish Women, Solidarity and Feminism. Women’s Studies at York/Macmillan Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12339-1_7
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