Abstract
There is no Kerala model — neither in the sense of coherent policies that have produced specific results, nor a desirable goal that other parts of India or the world might wish to achieve. The remarkable social statistics that have intrigued scholars since the 1970s stem from the way in which public politics and the role of women took shape in the period between the 1920s and the 1950s amid the dissolution of old Kerala. The outcome in the 1990s is a society in which most people have skills (notably literacy) and some resources (perhaps a patch of ground) to prolong life and bandage the jagged edges of poverty. But hope and prospects lie elsewhere.
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Notes
Leela Gulati, Impacts of Male Migration to the Middle East on the Family (Trivandrum: CDS Working Paper no. 176, 1983) p. 3.
Leela Gulati, Impact of the Development Process on the Indian Family (Trivandrum: CDS Working Paper no. 174, 1983, p. 20.
Leela Gulati, ‘Male Migration from Kerala: Some Effects on Women’, Manushi, no. 38 (January-February 1987) pp. 14–19.
V. Ramachandran, Industrialisation of Kerala: A Perspective, paper presented to the Seminar on Nation Building, Development Process and Communication with special reference to Kerala, Trichur, 7–9 April 1989, p. 6.
T. N. Krishnan, ‘Kerala Economy: Performance, Problems and Prospects’, in Malcolm S. Adiseshiah (ed.), The Economies of the States of the Indian Union (New Delhi: Lancer International, 1989) p. 415.
Susan Lewandowski, Migration and Ethnicity in Urban India: Kerala Migrants in the City of Madras, 1870–1970 (New Delhi: Manohar, 1980) pp. 184, 195–6.
Inward Remittances, p. 37. K. K. Subrahmanian and P. Mohanan Pillai, Kerala’s Industrial Backwardness: an Exploration of Alternative Hypotheses (Trivandrum: CDS Working Paper no. 210, 1985) p. 42.
K. Ramachandran Nair, Industrial Relations in Kerala (New Delhi: Sterling, 1973) p. 90.
Ibid., p. 200. See also Manu Bhaskar, Press and Working Class Consciousness in Developing Societies (New Delhi: Gian Publishing House, 1989) p. 149.
K. G. Kumar, ‘Kerala’s Plea for Special Consideration’, EPW, 20 August 1988, p. 1731.
Ibib., p. 1730.
Ibib., p. 1731. See also IT, 15 December 1988, p. 30.
Ibid., p. 92. See also P. Mohanan Pillai, ‘Whither State Sector Enterprises in Kerala?’, EPW, Review of Management, 17–24 February 1990, pp. M9-M16.
C. J. George, ‘Industrial Backwardness of Kerala: the Myth and Realities’, cyclostyled paper, 1989, pp. 11–12. BI, 19 February-4 March 1990, pp. 121–2.
K. K. Subrahmanian and P. Mohanan Pillai, ‘Kerala’s Industrial Backwardness’, EPW, 5 April 1986, pp. 588–9.
Assembly Election Reportage, 1987, p. 9. HIE, 20 October 1984, p. 15. P. K. Michael Tharakan, ‘Behaviour of Communal Votes in Kerala Assembly Elections, 1987’, Religion and Society, vol. XXXV, no. 4 (December 1988) pp. 24–5.
P. M. Mathew and M. S. Nair, Women’s Organizations and Women’s Interests (New Delhi: Ashish, 1986) pp. 24–5, 46–7, 58, 117. There were 440 registered women’s societies and 89 cooperatives in the mid-1970s, according to Mathew and Nair.
Ibid., p. 30–62 in the mid- 1970s
Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, The Population Explosion (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990) p. 235.
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© 1992 Robin Jeffrey
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Jeffrey, R. (1992). Limits and Hopes: Political Action and Active Women. In: Politics, Women and Well-Being. Cambridge Commonwealth Series. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-12252-3_17
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