Abstract
The result of the changes I have described in this book is usually called the unification of Germany. I have chosen to call it the formation of a German nation-state. There are certain difficulties with the term ‘unification of Germany’.
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Bibliography
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H. Schulze (ed.), Nation-Building in Central Europe (Leamington Spa, 1987). Some useful essays on various conditions of German unification.
J. Sheehan, German Liberalism in the Nineteenth Century (Chicago, 1978). The best English language account.
J. Sheehan, ‘State and nationality in the Napoleonic period’, in [34], pp. 47–59.
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A. Sked, The Survival of the Habsburg Empire: Radetzky, the Imperial Army and the Class War 1848 (London, 1979).
J. Snell, The Democratic Movement in Germany 1789–1914, ed. and completed H. A. Schmitt (Chapel Hill, NC, 1976).
J. Sperber, Popular Catholicism in Nineteenth-Century Germany (New Jersey, 1984).
J. Sperber, Rhineland Radicals: The Democratic Movement and the Revolution of 1848–49 (New Jersey, 1991).
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J. Sperber, The European Revolutions,1848–1851 (Cambridge, 1994).
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H. von Sybel, The Founding of the German Empire by William I, 7 vols (1890; reprint, New York, 1968).
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M. Walker, German Home Towns: Community, State and General Estate 1648–1871 (London, 1971).
E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: the Modernisation of Rural France, 1870–1914 (London, 1977).
D. White, The Splintered Party: National Liberalism in Hessen and the Reich 1867–1918 (Cambridge, Mass., 1976).
J. R. Wilson, Seedbed of Protest: Social Structure and Radical Politics in Ettlingen, Grand Duchy of Baden, 1815–1850 (New York, 1992).
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S. Zucker, Ludwig Bamberger: German Liberal Politician and Social Critic, 1823–1899 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1975).
German-language literature
R. Aldenhoff, Schulze-Delitzsch. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Liberalismus zwischen Revolution und Reichsgründung (Bonn, 1984).
K. O. v. Aretin, Heiliges Römisches Reich 1776 bis 1806: Reichsverfassung und Staatssouveränität, 2 vols (Wiesbaden, 1967).
H. Bartels & E. Engelberg (eds), Die großpreußisch-militarische Reichsgründung 1871: Voraussetzungen und Folgen (Berlin, 1971).
H. Baumgarten, Der deutsche Liberalismus: eine Selbstkritik (orig. pub. 1866; ed. A. Birke, Frankfurt/M., 1974).
H. Berding & H.-P. Ullmann (eds), Deutschland zwischen Revolution und Restauration (Königstein/Ts., 1981).
H. Berding, ‘Die Entstehung des Deutschen Zollvereins als Problem historischer Forschung’, in Vom Ancien régime zum modernen Parteienstaat. Festschrift für Theodor Schieder (Munich & Vienna, 1978), pp. 225–37.
W. Blessing, Staat und Kirche in der Gesellschaft. Institutioneller Autorität und mentaler Wandel in Bayern während des 19. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1982).
R. Boch, Grenzenloses Wachstum? Das rheinische Wirtschaftsbürgertum und seine Industrialisierungsdebatte 1814–1857 (Göttingen,1991).Like Brose [60] interesting on changing conceptions of the economy.
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W. Conze & D. Groh, Die Arbeiterbewegung in der nationalen Bewegung (Stuttgart, 1977).
A. Doering-Manteuffel, ‘Der Ordnungszwang des Staatensystems: Zu den Mitteleuropa-Konzepten in der österreichisch-preußischen Rivalität 1849–1851’, in A. M. Birke & G. Heydemann (eds), Die Herausforderung des Europäischen Staatensystems (Göttingen, 1989), pp. 119–40.
A. Doering-Manteuffel, Die deutsche Frage und das europäische Staatensystem 1815–1871 (Munich, 1993).
D. Düding, Organisierter gesellschaftlicher Nationalismus in Deutschland (1808–1847). Bedeutung und Funktion der Türner- und Sängervereine für die deutsche Nationalbewegung (Munich, 1984).
D. Düding (eds), Öffentliche Festkultur: Politische Feste in Deutschland von der Aufklärung bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (Reinbek bei Hamburg, 1988).
R. Dumke, ‘Der deutsche Zollverein als Modell ökonomischer Integration’, in H. Berding (ed.), Wirtschaftliche und politische Integration in Europa im 19. und 20 Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1984) pp. 72–101. Along with Berding [172] casts doubt on the ‘national’ mission of the Zollverein.
R. Dumke, ‘Anglo-deutscher Handel und Frühindustrialisierung in Deutschland 1822–1860’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, V (1979), 175–200. Develops the idea of a triangular trade flow pattern.
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R. Engelsing, Analphabetum und Lektüre. Zur Sozialgeschichte des Lesens in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1973).
B. Faulenbach, Ideologie des deutschen Weges. Die deutsche Geschichte in der Historiographie zwischen Kaiserreich und Nationalsozialismus (Munich, 1980).
H. Freudenthal, Vereine in Hamburg (Hamburg, 1968).
W. Gruner, Die deutsche Frage. Ein Problem der europäischen Geschichte seit 1800 (Munich, 1985).
H.-W. Hahn, Geschichte des Deutschen Zollvereins (Göttingen, 1984). The most recent general account.
H.-W. Hahn, ‘Mitteleuropäische oder kleindeutsche Wirtschaftsordnung in der Epoche des Deutschen Bundes’ in [212], pp. 186–214.
M. Hettling & P. Nolte (eds), Bürgerliche Feste: Symbolische Formen politischen Handelns im 19. Jahrhundert (Göttingen, 1993).
G. Heydemann, ‘Philhellenismus in Deutschland und Großbritannien’, in [177], pp. 31–60.
M. Jeismann, Das Vaterland der Feinde: Studien zum nationalen Feindbegriff und Selbstverständnis in Deutschland und Frankreich 1792–1918 (Stuttgart, 1992).
S. Kienewicz, ‘Die Polenbegeisterung in Westeuropa’, in [177], pp. 61–75.
E. Kolb, Der Kriegsausbruch 1870. Politische Entscheidungsprozesse und Verantwortlichkeiten in der Julikrise 1870 (Göttingen, 1970).
E. Kolb (ed.), Europa vor dem Krieg von 1870: Mächte Konstellation— Konfliktsfelde — Kriegsausbruch (Munich, 1987). The most recent detailed consideration of the origins of the war of 1870.
M. Kraul, Das deutsche Gymnasium 1780–1980 (Frankfurt/M., 1984).
D. Langewiesche, Liberalismus in Deutschland (Frankfurt/M., 1988). The best German language account of the subject.
D. Langewiesche, Republik und Republikaner. Von der historischen Entwertung eines politischen Begriffs (Stuttgart, 1993).
H. Lutz, Zwischen Habsburg und Preussen. Deutschland 1815–1866 (Berlin, 1985). Seeks deliberately to avoid seeing events from the Prussian perspective and largely succeeds.
W. Mommsen, Stein, Ranke, Bismarck. Ein Beitrag zur politischen und sozialen Bewegung des 19. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 1954). A pioneering study of the meaning of terms like Germany and nation in the thinking of these three Germans.
S. Na’aman, Der deutsche Nationalverein. Die politische Konstituierung des deutschen Bürgertums 1859–1867 (Düsseldorf, 1987). The most detailed recent account, especially good on the political culture of the period.
T. Nipperdey, ‘Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert’, in Nipperdey, Gesellschaft, Kultur, Theorie: Gesammelte Aufsätze zur neueren Geschichte (Göttingen, 1976), pp. 133–74.
T. Nipperdey, ‘Wehlers Gesellschaftsgeschichte’, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 14 (1988), 403–15.
T. Nipperdey, Deutsche Geschichte, 3 vols (Munich, 1983, 1990, 1992). This is one of the major general histories of nineteenth-century Germany. The first volume was published under the title Deutsche Geschichte 1800–1866: Bürgerwelt und starker Staat. The second volume was Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918: Bd. 1. Arbeitswelt und Bürgergeist, and the third Deutsche Geschichte 1866–1918. Bd. II. Machtstaat vor der Demokratie. For the approach of this work see the following English language review articles [205, 206].
J. Breuilly, ‘“Telling it as it was?”: Thomas Nipperdey’s history of nineteenth-century Germany’, History 80/258 (February, 1995), 59–70.
J. Sperber, ‘Master Narratives of Nineteenth-century German History’, Central European History 24/1 (1991), 69–91. A review of three recent general histories of nineteenth-century Germany by Nipperdey [204], Sheehan [16] and Wehler [221].
R. Noltenius, ‘Schiller als Führer und Heiland. Das Schillerfest 1859 als nationaler Traum von der Geburt des zweiten deutschen Kaiserreichs’, in [180], pp. 237–58.
R. Postel, Johann Martin Lappenberg. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Geschichtswissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert (Lübeck & Hamburg, 1972). An example of the connection between local history and conservative views of German nationality.
G. Ritter, Die preußische Konservativen und Bismarcks deutsche Politik 1858 bis 1876 (Heidelberg, 1913).
G. Ritter, Stein. Eine politische Biographie (Stuttgart, 1981).
H. Rumpler, Die deutsche Politik des Freiherrn von Beust 1848–1850: Zur Problematik mittelstaatlicher Reformpolitik im Zeitalter der Paulskirche (Vienna, 1972).
H. Rumpler (ed.), Deutsche Bund und deutsche Frage 1815–1866 (Munich, 1990). A series of essays which considers the positive aspects of the German Bund.
R. Schenda, Volk ohne Buch. Studien zur Sozialgeschichte der populären Lesestoffe (Frankfurt/M., 1970).
T. Schieder, Der deutsche Kaiserreich von 1871 als Nationalstaat (Cologne & Opladen, 1961). A pioneering study of what it means to call the Reich of 1871 a nation-state.
F. Schnabel, Deutsche Geschichte im 19. Jahrhundert, 4 vols (Freiburg, 1929–37; Munich, 1987). Like von Treitschke, an unfinished history of nineteenth-century Germany; unlike von Treitschke stresses non-Prussian perspectives.
W. Siemann, Die deutsche Revolution von 1848–49 (Frankfurt/M., 1985). Best recent account of the 1848–49 revolutions in the German lands.
W. Siemann ‘Wandel der Politik — Wandel der Staatsgewalt. Der Deutsche Bund in der Spannung zwischen “Gesammt-Macht” und “völkerrechtlichem Verein”’, in [212], pp. 59–73.
H. von. Srbik, Deutsche Einheit. Idee und Wirklichkeit von Heiligen Reich bis Königgrätz, 4 vols (Munich, 1935–42). An Austrian historian who does not see things from the Prussian point of view.
R. Stadelman & W. Fischer, Die Bildungswelt des deutschen Handwerkers um 1800 (Berlin, 1955).
V. Valentin, Geschichte der deutschen Revolution von 1848–49, 2 vols (1930–1; pbk edn, Berlin, 1970). The classic liberal interpretation of the revolutions.
H.-U. Wehler, Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte. Vol. II Von der Reformära bis zur industriellen und politischen ‘Deutsche Doppelrevolution’, 1815–1845/49 (Munich, 1987). Second volume of a major ?societal’ history of Germany: for detailed reviews in English see above [206] and also [222].
J. Breuilly, ‘Wehler’s Gesellschaftsgeschichte’, German History. Journal of the German History Society, 9/2 (June 1991), 211–30.
Documents
Historische Reichskommission (ed.), Die auswärtige Politik Preussens 1858–1871 (Munich, 1932–45), 9 vols.
Bismarck, Otto von, Werke in Auswahl, 8 vols (Darmstadt, 196280), ed. G. Rein
Bismarck, Gesammelte Werke, 15 parts in 19 vols (Berlin, 1924–35).
Bismarck, Gedanken und Erinnerungen (Berlin, 1990) with an introduction by Lothar Gall.
A full translation of [226] under the title Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman was published in two volumes in 1899 (London and New York). I have used the German work but give parallel references to the translation.
T. Hamerow (ed.), The Age of Bismarck: Documents and Interpretations (New York, 1973).
H. C. Meyer (ed.), Mitteleuropa in German Thought and Action, 1815–1945 (The Hague, 1955).
Statistics
B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics 1750–1970 (abridged edn, London, 1978).
W. Fischer (eds), Sozialgeschichtliches Arbeitsbuch I. Materialien zur Statistik des deutschen Bundes 1815–1870 (Munich, 1982).
P. Bairoch, ‘International industrialisation levels from 1750 to 1980’, Journal of European Economic History, 1 (1982), 269–333.
B. R. Mitchell, ‘Statistical Appendix’, in C. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of Industrial Societies—2 (London, 1973), pp. 738–820.
P. Flora (ed.), State, Economy and Society in Western Europe 1815–1975: A Data Handbook, vol. 1 (London, 1983).
B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics 1750–1980 (unabridged edn, London, 1975).
P. Bairoch, ‘Europe’s gross national product 1800–1975’, Journal of European Economic History, 5 (1976), 273–340.
Handbooks
C. Emsley, The Longman Companion to Napoleonic Europe (London, 1993).
R. Pearson, The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789–1920 (London, 1994).
C. Cook & J. Stevenson, The Longman Handbook of Modern European History 1763–1985 (London, 1987).
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J. Fout (ed.), German History and Civilisation 1806–1914. A Bibliography of Scholarly Periodical Literature (Metuchen, NY, 1974).
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© 1996 John Breuilly
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Breuilly, J. (1996). Results. In: The Formation of the First German Nation-State, 1800–1871. Studies in European History. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11719-2_5
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