Abstract
An analysis of the unique features of South-South aid, and of the overall effectiveness of this aid, requires guidelines. These guidelines, presented at the conclusion of this chapter, will first be placed in the context of the wider debate of aid effectiveness, and how best to evaluate aid.
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Notes
Paul Mosley, Overseas Aid: Its Defence and Reform (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books Ltd., 1987), p. 236.
Holsti is pessimistic about the use of aid as a foreign-policy tool, pointing out that the use of aid, and more specifically the threat to terminate it, is by itself an insufficient means to alter domestic or foreign policy of the recipient government, in no small part because of the availability of alternative donors. K. J. Holsti, International Politics: A Framework for Analysis (Englewood-Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1983), pp. 227–28.
See also A. Z. Rubinstein, ‘Assessing Influence as a Problem in Foreign Policy Analysis’, Chapter 1 of Rubinstein’s Soviet and Chinese Influence in the Third World (New York: Praeger, 1975), pp. 1–22.
R. Cassen, Does Aid Work? (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 106.
R. Riddell, Foreign Aid Reconsidered, (London: James Curry, 1987), p. 192.
Robert Cassen, p. 11. The Report of the Task Force on Concessional Flows’, or Cassen Report, conducted for 18 governments chosen by the World Bank and IMF Development Committee, is the most comprehensive study of North-South aid since the Pearson Report of 1969, Pearson, L. B. (Chairman) Partners in Development, Report of the Commission on International Development (New York: Praeger, 1969).
P. T. Bauer, Reality and Rhetoric (London: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1984); The Third World and Economic Delusion (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981). One of the earliest exponents of opposition to aid on free market principles was Milton Friedman in his article: ‘Foreign Economic Aid: Means and Objectives’, Yale Review, Vol. 47, 1958, pp. 24–38.
René Dumont, Fini Les Lendemains Qui Chantent, Vol. 3 (Paris: Éditions Du Seuil, 1985).
See also Teresa Hayter, Aid as Imperialism (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971).
For an updated version of this work see Teresa Hayter and Catherine Watson, Aid: Rhetoric and Reality (London: Pluto Press, 1985), especially Chapter Ten, ‘Current Forms of Aid from the West’, pp. 238–47.
Frances Moore Lappé, Aid as Obstacle, Institute for Food and Development Policy (San Francisco, 1980), pp. 10–12.
OECD Development Assistance Committee, ‘Evaluation Methods and Procedures: A Compendium of Donor Practice and Experience’ (Note by the Secretariat), Paris, 1985, p. 7. However, two major donors, the World Bank and USAII), evaluate all of their aid projects.
OECD (DAC), ‘Evaluation Methods and Procedures: A Compendium of Donor Practice and Experience’ (Note by the Secretariat), OECD, Paris, 1985, p. 8.
OECD, Compendium of Aid Procedures, Paris, 1981, p. 9.
J. Tendier, Inside Foreign Aid (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), p. 88.
Just Faaland, Aid and Influence: The Case of Bangladesh (London: Macmillan Press, 1981).
OECD, DAC, ‘Evaluation Methods and Procedures: A Compendium of Donor Practice and Experience’ (Note by the Secretariat), Paris, 1985, p. 16.
F. Stewart, ‘Social cost-benefit analysis in practice; some reflections in the light of case studies using Little-Mirrlees techniques’, World Development, Vol. 6, No. 2, February 1978, p. 158.
Ayazi, cited in B. J. Lecomte, Project Aid: Limitations and Alternatives, OECD Development Centre, Paris, 1986, p. 77.
Paul Mosley, Overseas Aid: Its Defence and Reform (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1987), p. 67.
Warren C. Baum and Stokes M. Tolbert, Investing in Development (Washington: World Bank/Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 444.
R. Misra, ‘A critical analysis of the traditional cost benefit approach to economic development’, Development, Vol. 3, No. 4, 1981, p. 51.
Mary Tiffin, ‘Dethroning the Internal Rate of Return: The Evidence from Irrigation Projects’, Development Policy Review, Vol. 5, 1987, p. 362.
Bernard J. Lecomte, Project Aid: Limitations and Alternatives, Development Centre of the OECD, 1986, p. 75.
Peter Heller, cited in Club du Sahel/CILSS, Recurrent Costs of Development Programs in the Countries of the Sahel Paris, 1980, p. 5.
Riddell, in his recent study of aid, cites an OECD-sponsored review of evaluation studies, in which very few ex post evaluations could be found amongst the large volume of evaluation material available. See Bachrach, P. ‘Evaluating development programmes: a synthesis of recent experience’, cited in R. Riddell, Foreign Aid Reconsidered (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987), p. 213.
M. Lipton, ‘Introduction: Aid-effectiveness, Prisoners’ Dilemmas, and Country Allocations’, IDS Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 2, April 1986, p. 1.
OECD, DAC, ‘Evaluation Methods and Procedures: A Compendium of Donor Practices and Experience’, Paris, 1985, p. 23.
Carol Lancaster, ‘Foreign Exchange and the Economic Crisis in Africa’, pp. 217–35, in Zaki Ergas, The African State in Transition (London: Macmillan Press, 1987).
Alex Duncan, ‘Matching Aid With the Needs for Aid in Africa’. Paper for ‘Development Strategies: A New Synthesis’, a conference sponsored by the Overseas Development Council and the Johnson Foundation, Racine, Wisconsin, 27–29 January 1985, p. 3.
Club du Sahel/CILSS, ‘Working Group on Recurrent Costs’, Recurrent Costs of Development Programs in the Countries of the Sahel, Paris, 1980, p. 295.
World Bank, Guinea-Bissau, Washington, 1987, p. 14.
OECD, DAC Chairman’s Report, Paris, 1986, p. 148
OECD, DAC, Twenty-five Years of Development Co-operation: A Review. Paris, 1985, p. 257.
Réal Lavergne and E. Philip English, Canadian Development Assistance to Senegal, The North-South Institute, Ottawa, 1987 p. 44.
Fred Fluitman and John White, External Development Finance and Choice of Technology, World Employment Program, Working Papers, Technology and Employment Program, International Labour Office, Geneva, July, 1981.
See also some of the case studies in F. Stewart (ed.), Macro-Policies for Appropriate Technology in Developing Countries (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1987).
Ibid., p. 19. See also F. Stewart, Technology and Underdevelopment (London: Macmillan, 1977),
and J. Pickett and R. Robson, Manual on the Choice of Industrial Technique in Developing Countries, OECD, Paris, 1986.
D. Théry, ‘Le Biais Mimétique dans le Choix de Techniques’, Revue Tiers-Monde, Vol. XXV, No. 100, Oct.–Dec. 1984, pp. 787–800.
For a review of explanations of inappropriate technology choices see G. C. Winston, ‘The Appeal of Inappropriate Technologies: Self-inflicted Wages, Ethnic Pride and Corruption’, World Development, Vol. 7, 1979, pp. 835–45.
This concept is discussed in Paul Mosley, John Hudson, and Sara Horrell, ‘Aid, The Public Sector and the Market in Less Developed Countries’, The Economic Journal, 97, September 1987, pp. 616–41.
R. Riddell, Foreign Aid Reconsidered, The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1987, p. 206.
World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 4.
Alfred Maizels and Machiko Nissanke, ‘Motivations for Aid to Developing Countries’, World Development, Vol. 12, No. 9, 1984, p. 891.
Gérard Chambas, ‘Les facteurs explicatifs de la répartition de l’aide en Afrique: Les cas français et japonais’, Mondes en Développement. Tome 14, No. 53, 1986, pp. 179–87.
See, among others, Claude Freud, Quelle Coopération: un bilan de l’aide au développement (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1988);
Jacques Giri, L’Afrique en panne (Paris: Éditions Karthala, 1986);
Bernard J. Lecomte, Project Aid: Limitations and Alternatives, Development Centre of the OECD, Paris, 1986,
and Elliot R. Morss and David D. Gow, Implementing Rural Development Projects (Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1985).
Just Faaland, Preface, Bernard J. Lecomte, Project Aid: Limitations and Alternatives, Development Centre of the OECD, Paris, 1986, p. 9.
See Chapter 2 of Bernard J. Lecomte, Project Aid: Limitations and Alternatives, Development Centre of the OECD, Paris, 1986, pp. 26–41.
Speech by Deng Xiao-ping, Chairman of the Delegation of People’s Republic of China at the Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly, April 10 1974,
cited in Law Yu Fai, Chinese Foreign Aid (Saarbrücken: Verlag Breitenbach Publishers, 1984), p. 49.
‘Setting Forth the Eight Principles of China’s Foreign Aid’, Speech by Chou En-lai, in J. Cooper, China’s Foreign Aid (Lexington Books and D.C. Heath and Company, London, 1976), p. 155.
Lu Xuejian, Vice-Minister of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, in Guide to China’s Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, January, 1989, p. 124.
UNDP, The Buenos Aires Plan of Action, UNDP Division of Information, 1978, p. 7.
Federal Republic of Brazil, Secretaria de Planejamento Da Presidência Da República, Secretaria de Cooperação Econômica e Técnica Internacional, ‘Programa de Cooperação Técnica entre PaÃses em Desenvolvimento’, 1984., p. 4.
José M. N. Pereira, ‘Brasil-Africa no Governo Figueiredo: um balanção’, Contexto Internacional, Ano 1, Número 2, Julho–Dezembro, 1985, p.81.
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© 1992 Donald Bobiash
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Bobiash, D. (1992). Aid Evaluation. In: South-South Aid. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11623-2_4
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