Abstract
Foreign aid is provided in a variety of contexts for motives ranging from the most humanitarian to the most overtly political. The diversity of aid mechanisms, and motives for its provision, make foreign aid a wide and controversial topic.
Of the seeming and real innovations which the modern age has introduced into the practice of foreign policy, none has proven more baffling to both understanding and action than foreign aid.
Hans Morgenthau1
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Notes
Hans Morgenthau, ‘A Political Theory of Foreign Aid’, The American Political Science Review, Vol. LVI, No. 2, June 1962, p. 301.
UNDP, ‘Technical Co-operation Among Developing Countries’, TCDC/5/3, 31 March 1987.
OECD, DAC, Twenty-Five Years of Development Co-operation, Paris, 1985, p. 171;
the minimum grant element is also affirmed in OECD, DAC, Development Co-operation 1987, Paris, 1988, p. 181.
This approach to defining ‘aid’ is heavily influenced by the one adopted by John White, in The Politics of Foreign Aid, The Bodley Head, London, 1974, pp. 22–23.
For a concise summary of the origin and usage of terms used to describe developing countries see L. Wolf-Philips ‘Why Third World?’ in Third World Quarterly. Vol. 9, No. 4, October 1987, pp. 1311–27.
Bahgat Korany, ‘Hierarchy within the South: in search of theory’, in A. Gauhar (ed.) Third World Affairs 1986, Third World Foundation, London, 1986, pp. 85–100.
Nigel Harris, The End of the Third World: Newly Industrializing Countries and the Decline of an Ideology (London: I.B. Taurus and Co. Ltd., 1986).
World Bank, World Development Report 1990 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), Table 1, p. 178.
For an analysis and history of the PRC’s foreign policy towards developing countries, see Lillian Craig Harris, China’s Foreign Policy Toward the Third World (New York: Praeger, 1985).
Soviet and East European development assistance, which is concentrated on a small number of non-African developing countries, will not be discussed in detail in this study. Although all three case-study countries have received some Soviet technical assistance, principally in the form of scholarships, only in Guinea-Bissau has it been of some, albeit minor, significance. See Quintin V. S. Bach, Soviet Economic Assistance to the Less Developed Countries (Oxford: Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1987).
OECD, Development Co-operation: 1990 Report, Paris, 1990, p. 18.
World Bank, Guinea-Bissau: A Prescription for Comprehensive Adjustment, 26 March 1987, p. 7, and OECD, Development Co-operation for the 1990s, Table 34, p. 240.
For reviews of OPEC aid, see I. F. Shihata, The Other Face of Opec (London: Longman, 1982).
OECD, DAC, Twenty-Five Years of Development Co-operation: 1985 Report, Paris, 1985, Table III-1, p. 93.
OECD, DAC, Development Co-operation in the 1990s, Paris, 1989, Table 41, p. 257;
and, OECD, DAC, Development Co-operation: 1990 Report, Paris, 1990, p. 160.
For the text of this ‘Solemn Declaration’ see the appendix to Shireen Hunter, OPEC and the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984).
Shireen Hunter, OPEC and the Third World (London: Croom Helm, 1984), p. 279.
Marlyn A. Madison, A Trilateral Apporach to Development Co-operation: Afro-Arab Solidarity, Doctoral Thesis in Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1985.
OECD, DAC, ‘The Aid Programme of China’, Paris, 1987, p. 16, W.2196D/Arch.0792D.
OECD, DAC, Development Co-operation, DAC Chairman’s Report, Paris, 1987, p. 157.
John Cooper, China’s Foreign Aid (Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath and Co., 1976), pp. 88–89. However, the PRC first gave official aid to Guinea in 1960, after diplomatic relations had been formally established.
OECD, DAC, ‘The Aid Programme of China’, Paris, 1987, p. 11.
OECD, Development Co-operation in the 1990s, Paris, 1989, p. 182.
OECD, ‘The Aid Programme of China’, Note by the Secretariat, 1986, p. 8.
OECD, DAC, Development Co-operation: 1990 Report, Paris, 1990, p. 164.
OECD, Development Co-operation Directorate, ‘India’s Economic Co-operation with Developing Countries’, Paris, 1986, pp. 4–5.
For a major study of India’s aid, see Dewan C. Vohra, India’s Aid Diplomacy in the Third World, Vikas Publishing House PVT Ltd., New Delhi, 1980.
Hari S. Chabra, ‘India’s Africa Policy’, in India Quarterly, XLI, Jan.–March 1985 p. 70.
For a study of Indian interest in and analysis of African development issues, see Shanti Sadiq Ali, and Anirudha Gupta, Africa: Dimensions of the Economic Crisis (London: Oriental University Press, 1987).
OECD, Development Co-operation, DAC Chairman’s Report, Paris, 1987, p. 160.
Hsieh, Chiao Chiao. The Strategy of Foreign Aid (London: The Sherwood Press Limited, 1985), p. 17.
OECD, Development Co-operation 1987 Report, Paris, 1988, p. 159.
UNDP, ‘Technical Co-operation among Developing Countries’, TCDC /5/3, 31 March, 1987, p. 11.
OECD, Development Co-operation 1987, Paris, 1987, p. 158.
The most recent major research on Israel’s relations and aid programmes in Africa is Joel Peters, Israel’s Relations with Black Africa 1973–1985, D.Phil., Oxford, Michaelmas, 1987.
OECD, DCD, ‘Israel’s Economic Co-operation With Developing Countries’, Paris, 1986, p. 3.
See RCCDC, Yugoslavia: Economic Co-operation with Developing Countries, Ljubljana, 1983.
OECD, DCD, ‘Development Co-operation Among Developing Countries’, Paris, 1986, p. 3.
Fidel Castro, cited in Sergio Roca, ‘Economic Aspects of Cuban Involvement in Africa’, pp. 162–88 in Mesa-Largo, C., and Belkin, J. S. (eds), Cuba in Africa (University of Pittsburgh, 1982), p. 171.
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, ‘Warsaw Pact Economic Aid to Non-Communist LDC’s, 1984’, US Department of State, Washington, May 1986, Figure 5, p. 11. Although one Cuban report describes in general terms both the development aid which Cuba receives and that which it provides (E.M. Bachs, ‘Cuba, International Co-operation’, Havana, N/D), verifiable statistics from official Cuban sources are difficult to obtain.
Pamela S. Falk, in Cuban Foreign Policy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1986), p. 101, estimates that in 1979 there were between ten and eleven thousand Cuban technicians serving in Africa.
OECD, Development Co-operation in the 1990s, Paris, 1989, Table 48, p. 262. This figure does not include generous annual trade subsidies.
OECD, Development Co-operation in the 1990s, Paris, 1989, p. 181.
Ministério das Relações Exteriores, ‘Agênda Brasileira de Cooperação’ (information document), Brasilia, 1989.
Banco do Brasil, Cacex-Depec, Balança Commercial Brasil, Jan.–June 1986, p. 9 and Banco do Brasil, Cacex Séries EstatÃsticas, p. 223.
For Argentina’s relations with Africa, see the article by Gladys Lechini de Alvarez, ‘As relações Argentina-Africa no marco dos vinculos afr-olatino-americanos’, Estudos Afro-Asià ticos, No. 11, 1985, pp. 82–94.
For a description of the activities of the Tunisian ‘Agence tunisienne de coopération technique’, one of the developing world’s largest technical co-operation agencies, see S. Gharbi, Jeune Afrique, Paris, No. 19, juin 1986, p. 22.
Organization of African Unity, ‘Rapport Final sur la Coopération Technique entre Les Pays Africains’ (Project RAF/82/003), Addis Ababa, 17 October 1985.
UNDP, ‘Technical Co-operation Among Developing Countries’, TCDC/5 / 5, 14 April 1987, Table 1B, p. 20.
UNDP, ‘Technical Co-operation Among Developing Countries’, TCDC/4/2/Add.l, 27 March 1985, p. 3.
UNDP, Regional Bureau for Africa, ‘Nairobi Recommendations for a Programme of Technical Co-operation among African Countries’, Conference Recommendations, Nairobi, Kenya, 12–20 May 1980.
However, in 1985 the OAU commissioned a study to investigate the lack of follow-up action and outline proposals to reactivate movement toward the original TCDC objectives. OAU, Secretariat, Addis Ababa (‘Rapport Final sur la Coopération Technique entre les Pays Africains: Evaluation et Programme D’Action’, RAF/82/003, by Prof. R. Ndeshyo, 17 October 1985).
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© 1992 Donald Bobiash
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Bobiash, D. (1992). South-South Aid Overview. In: South-South Aid. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11623-2_3
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