Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Chitin Chemistry pp 54–84Cite as

Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan

  • Chapter

Abstract

Despite the great natural abundance of chitin, much of the annual produc tion is not readily accessible for utilisation as a raw material. In this it differs markedly from cellulose. A critical evaluation of a number of potential sources of chitin has been given by Allan et al.1 Their global estimate of the total annually accessible chitin was 150 × 103 t, of which 56 × 103 t was from krill, 39 × 103 t from shellfish (crab, shrimp, prawn, lobster and crayfish), 32 × 103 t from fungi, 22 × 103 t from clams and oysters and 1 × 103 t from squid. This total is much less than the estimated total of chitin produced annually by biosynthesis — one species alone, the marine copepods, is estimated to produce 109 t of chitin annually2 — and a number of factors limiting the extent to which different sources may be utilised were discussed.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. G.G. Allan, J.R. Fox and N. Kong, in Proceedings of 1st International Conference on Chitin/Chitosan (1977), R.A.A. Muzzarelli and E.R. Pariser (eds), MIT Sea Grant Program 78–7, 1978, p. 108.

    Google Scholar 

  2. M.V. Tracey, Rev. Pure Appl. Chem., 7 (1957) 1.

    Google Scholar 

  3. A.C.P. Wutke, H. Gargantini and A.G. Gomes, Bragantia, 21 (1962) 795 (through Chem. Abs., 61 (1962) 8854).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. T.M. MacIntyre and M.H. Jenkins, Sci. Agric., 32 (1952) 645.

    Google Scholar 

  5. J. Ruiz-Herrera, in ref. 1, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  6. M. Falk, D.G. Smith, J. McLachlan and A.G. McInnes, Can. J. Chem., 44 (1966) 2269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. H.K. No, S.P. Meyers and K.S. Lee, J. Agric. Food Chem., 37 (1989) 575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. G.W. Rigby, US Patent 2,040,879 (1934).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., UK Patent 458.839 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  10. G.L. Clark and A.F. Smith, J. Phys. Chem., 40 (1936) 863.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. A.C.M. Wu and W.A. Bough, in ref. 1, p. 88.

    Google Scholar 

  12. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani, M. Emanuelli and S. Gentile, J. Appl. Biochem., 2 (1980) 380.

    Google Scholar 

  13. P. Madhavan and K.G. Ramachandran Nair, Fishery Technol., 11 (1974) 50.

    Google Scholar 

  14. C.G. Anderson, N. de Pablo and C.R. Romo, in ref. 1, p. 54.

    Google Scholar 

  15. S. Mima, M. Miya, R. Iwamoto and S. Yoshikawa, in Chitin and Chitosan, S. Hirano and S. Tokura (eds), The Japanese Society of Chitin and Chitosan, 1982, p. 21.

    Google Scholar 

  16. K. Shimahara, K. Ohkouchi and M. Ikeda, in ref. 15, p. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  17. R.H. Hackman, Aust. J. Biol. Sci., 7 (1954) 168.

    Google Scholar 

  18. R.H. Hackman and M. Goldberg, Carbohyd. Res., 38 (1974) 35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. R. Blumberg, C.L. Southall, N.J. Van Rensburg and O.B. Volckman, J. Sci. Food Agric., 2 (1951) 571.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. P. Broussignac, Chim. Ind. Genie Chim., 99 (1968) 1241.

    Google Scholar 

  21. M.N. Moorjani, V. Achutha and D.I. Khasim, J. Food Sci. Technol., 12 (1975) 187.

    Google Scholar 

  22. S.A. Karuppaswamy, in ref. 1, p. 437.

    Google Scholar 

  23. R.L. Whistler and J.N. BeMiller, J. Org. Chem., 27 (1962) 1161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. S.T. Horowitz, S. Roseman and H.J. Blumenthal, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 79 (1957) 5046.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. C.H. Giles, A.S.A. Hassan, M. Laidlaw and R.V.R. Subramanian, J. Soc. Dyers Colourists, 74 (1958) 645.

    Google Scholar 

  26. M. Takeda and E. Abe, Norisho Suisan Koshusho Kenkyu Hokoku, 11 (1962) 339.

    Google Scholar 

  27. A.B. Foster and R.H. Hackman, Nature, 180 (1957) 40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Takeda and K. Katsuura, Suisan Daigaku Kenkyu Hokoyu, 13 (1964) 109.

    Google Scholar 

  29. K.L. Simpson, in ref. 1, p. 253.

    Google Scholar 

  30. D.L. Fox, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 44 (1973) 953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, in ref. 1, p. 25.

    Google Scholar 

  32. C.V. Lusena and R.C. Rose, J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 10 (1953) 521.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. G.A.F. Roberts and F.A. Wood, Report to the Highlands and Islands Develop-ment Board, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  34. P.R. Austin, G.A. Reed and J.R. Deschamps, in ref. 15, p. 99.

    Google Scholar 

  35. R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd, Organic Chemistry, Allyn and Bacon, Boston, 3rd edn, 1975, p. 1106.

    Google Scholar 

  36. W.A. Szarek and D. Horton, Amer. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser., 87 (1979) 115.

    Google Scholar 

  37. R. Virudachalam and V. Rao, Carbohyd. Res., 51 (1976) 135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. F. Mo and L.H. Jensen, Acta Cryst., 34 (1978) 1562.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. S.A. Barker, A.B. Foster, M. Stacey and J.M. Webber, J. Chem. Soc., (1958) 2218.

    Google Scholar 

  40. P.R. Austin, US Patent, 4,165,433 (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  41. F.A. Rutherford III and P.R. Austin, University of Delaware Sea Grant Report, DEL-SG-13–78, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  42. P.R. Austin, C.J. Brine, S.N. Hirwe, G.A. Reed, H.A. Whelan and J.P. Zikakis, University of Delaware Sea Grant Report, DEL-SG-01–80, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  43. P.R. Austin, US Patent 4,309,534 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  44. J.N. BeMiller, Adv. Carbohyd. Chem., 22 (1967) 59.

    Google Scholar 

  45. S.A. Barker, E.J. Bourne, M. Stacey and D.H. Whiffen, J. Chem. Soc., (1954) 171.

    Google Scholar 

  46. D. Gagnaire, J. Saint-Germain and M. Vincendon, Makromol. Chem., 183 (1982) 593.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. C. Bosso, J. Defaye, A. Domard and A. Gadelle, Carbohyd. Res., 156 (1986) 57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. A. Domard and N. Cartier, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 11 (1989) 297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. D. Horton and D.R. Lineback, in Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, R.L. Whistler (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1965, vol. 5, p. 403.

    Google Scholar 

  50. E. Winterstein, Ber., 27 (1894) 3113.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. F. Hoppe-Seyler, Ber., 27 (1894) 3329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. O. von Fürth and M. Rosso, Beit. Chem. Physiol. Pathol., 8 (1906) 163.

    Google Scholar 

  53. E. Löwy, Biochem. Zeit., 23 (1909) 47.

    Google Scholar 

  54. R. Jeanloz and E. Forchielli, Helv. Chim. Acta, 33 (1950) 1690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. L.A. Nud’ga, E.A. Plisko and S.N. Danilov, Zhur. Obsh. Khim., 41 (1971) 2555.

    Google Scholar 

  56. K. Kurita, T. Sannan and Y. Iwakura, Makromol. Chem., 178 (1977) 3197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. M.L. Wolfrom, G.G. Maher and A. Chaney, J. Org. Chem., 23 (1958) 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. M.L. Wolfrom and T.M. Shen Han, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 81 (1959) 1764.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. M.M. Brzeski, in ref. 15, p. 15.

    Google Scholar 

  60. G. Saito, Cellulosechemie, 18 (1940) 106.

    Google Scholar 

  61. T. Fujita, Japan Patent 13,599 (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  62. G.A.F. Roberts, B.P. Application 8,719,704 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  63. I. Batista and G.A.F. Roberts, Makromol. Chem., 191 (1990) 429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Lion Corporation, Japan Patent 021,865 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  65. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, (a) Belgium Patent 876,990 (1979); (b)

    Google Scholar 

  66. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, German Patent 3,923,820 (1979);

    Google Scholar 

  67. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, (c) UK Patent 2,026,516 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  68. R.A.A. Muzzarelli, F. Tanfani and M. Emanuelli, J. Appl. Biochem., 3 (1981) 322.

    Google Scholar 

  69. R.A.A. Muzzarelli and F. Tanfani, in ref. 15, p. 183.

    Google Scholar 

  70. W.J. McGahren, G.A. Perkinson, J.A. Growich, R.A. Leese and G.A. Ellestad, Process. Biochem., 19 (1984) 88.

    Google Scholar 

  71. K. Shimahara, Y. Takiguchi, T. Kobayashi, K. Uda and T. Sannan, in Chitin and Chitosan, G. Skjåk-Braek, T. Anthonsen and P. Sandford (eds), Elsevier, London, 1989, p. 171.

    Google Scholar 

  72. A. Domard and M. Rinaudo, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 5 (1983) 49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. B.D. Gummow, Ph.D. Thesis (CNAA), Nottingham Polytechnic, UK, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  74. C. Erbing, K. Granath, L. Kenne and B. Lindberg, Carbohyd. Res., 47 (1976) C5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. L. Kenne and B. Lindberg, in Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, R.L. Whistler (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1980, vol. 8, p. 403.

    Google Scholar 

  76. M. Miya, R. Iwamoto, S. Yoshikawa and S. Mima, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 2 (1980) 323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. V.F. Lee, University Microfilms (Ann Arbor) 74/29446, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  78. G.A.F. Roberts and J.G. Domszy, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 4 (1982) 374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. T. Sannan, K. Kurita and Y. Iwakura, Makromol. Chem., 176 (1975) 1191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. T. Sannan, K. Kurita and Y. Iwakura, Makromol. Chem., 177 (1976) 3589.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. T. Sannan, K. Kurita and Y. Iwakura, Polymer J., 9 (1977) 649.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. G.G. Maghami and G.A.F. Roberts, unpublished work.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Lion Corporation, Japan Patent 142,710 (1985).

    Google Scholar 

  84. K. Kurita, Y. Koyama, S. Nishimura and M. Kamiya, Chem. Lett., (1989) 1597.

    Google Scholar 

  85. K. Kurita, T. Sannan and Y. Iwakura, Makromol. Chem., 178 (1977) 2595.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. A. Elek and R.A. Harte, Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed., 8 (1936) 267.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. S. Hirano, Y. Ohe and H. Ono, Carbohyd. Res., 47 (1976) 315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Q.P. Peniston and E.L. Johnson, US Patent 4.066.735 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  89. Q.P. Peniston and E.L. Johnson, US Patent 3,862,122 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  90. Q.P. Peniston and E.L. Johnson, US Patent 4,195,175 (1980).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nottingham Polytechnic, UK

    George A. F. Roberts (Senior Lecturer in Dyeing)

Authors
  1. George A. F. Roberts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Copyright information

© 1992 George A.F. Roberts

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Roberts, G.A.F. (1992). Preparation of Chitin and Chitosan. In: Chitin Chemistry. Palgrave, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11545-7_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11545-7_2

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-11547-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-11545-7

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation