Abstract
Cultural norms do not directly affect a diplomatic drama. As argued in Chapter 3, different individuals often apply different norms to their understanding and management of foreign relations. For a particular norm to affect foreign policy, there must be a particular politician or a group of politicians in power to apply the norm. The natural question, then, is what kind of people tend to apply which type of norms? One thing which needs to be re-emphasised here is that styles of politicians and the norms they apply to inter-state diplomacy are not necessarily related to ideological beliefs. Styles and norms together establish a psychocultural construct where the way a particular ideology to be pursued is formulated.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Notes
Concerning the origin of this breakdown, please see Gordon Bennett, ‘Traditional, Modern and Revolutionary Values on New Social Groups in China’, Value Change in Chinese Society, eds. R. Wilson et al. (New York: Praeger, 1979) pp. 207–29;
Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets (New York: Basic Books, 1977);
Paul Hiniker and J. Perlstein, ‘Alternation of Charismatic and Bureaucratic Styles of Leadership in Revolutionary China’, Comparative Political Studies 10, 4 (January, 1978): 529–53;
Alexander Dallin and G. Breslaner, Political Terror in Communist System (Stanford: Stanford University, 1970).
See Mark Mancall, ‘The Persistence of Tradition in Chinese Foreign Policy’, Annals of the American Academy of Political Social Science 349 (September, 1963): 14–26;
Samuel Kim, China, the United Nations, and World Order (Princeton: Princeton University, 1979) pp. 19–48;
John Cramer-Byng, ‘The Chinese view of Their Place in the World’, China Quarterly 53 (1973): 67–79; Howard Boorman and S. Boorman, ‘Strategy and National Psychology in China’, Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science (March 1967): 143–55.
J. O. P. Bland, Li Hung Chang (New York: Henry Holt, 1917) pp. 37, 60.
William Francis Mannix, Memories of Li Hung Chang (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1923), p. 60.
Stanley Spector (1964), Li Hung Chang and the Huai Army (Seattle: University of Washington) p. 67.
Jerome Ch’en, Yuan Shih-k’ai (Stanford: Stanford University, 1971) p. 23.
Ernest P. Young, The Presidency of Yuan Shih-k’ai (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, 1977, pp. 106–123.
See Ch’i-ch’ao Liang, Collected Works of the Yinbing Studio (Yinbingshi heji), (Shanghai: n.p., 1926) pp. 108–9; Young, op. cit., pp. 142–8.
See Marius B. Jansen, The Japanese and Sun Yat-sen (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1950) pp. 188–93.
Charlotte Furth, ‘May Fourth in History’, Reflections on the May Fourth Movement, ed. B. Schwartz (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1972) p. 57;
Tse-tung Chow, The May Fourth Movement (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1960) p. 15.
Maurice Meisner (1972), ‘Cultural Iconoclasm, Nationalism, and Internationalism in the May Fourth Movement’, Reflections, ed. Schwartz, p. 21.
Robert Payne, Chiang Kai-shek (New York: Weybright & Talley, 1969) p. 59.
Theodore White and A. Jocoby, ‘Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek and Wartime China’, Republican China, eds. F. Schurmann and O. Schall (Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1968), p. 249.
As for Chiang’s personality development, see Pichon Loh, The Early Chiang Kai-shek (New York: Columbia University, 1971) pp. 60–65.
Chiang Kai-shek, ‘Youth Day Message’ (1968) President Kai-shek’s Selected Speeches and Messages, ed. Government Information Office, ROC (Taibei: Government Information Office, year unknown) p. 26.
Brian Crozier, The Man Who Lost China (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976) p. 391.
Chiang Kai-shek, ‘Double Ten Message’ (in 1963), The Taiwan Experience, ed. J. Hsiung (Washington D. C.: The American Association of Chinese Studies, 1983) pp. 400–1.
Chiang Kai-shek, ‘Answers to Questions Submitted by Mr. Robert P. Martin of the US News and World Reports’ (in 1961), President Chiang Kai-shek’s Selected Speeches and Messages, ed. Government Information Office, ROC (Taibei: Government Information Office, year unknown), pp. 16–19.
Mao-nan Lai et al (eds. China Yearbook 1973–4 (Taibei: China Publishing Co., 1974), pp. 7–9.
Burce Mazlish, The Revolutionary Ascetic (New York: Basic Books, 1968) pp. 167–73.
Alexander Eckstein, China’s Economic Revolution (New York: Cambridge University, 1981) pp. 40–1.
Mao Zedong, Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung 5 (Beijing: People’s Publishing House, 1977) pp. 40–1.
See Stuart Schram, The Political Thought of Mao Tse-tung (New York: Praeger, 1971), p. 72;
Richard Baum and F. Tewis, Ssu-Ch’ing: The Socialist Education Movement of 1962–1966, Center for Chinese Studies, Research Monograph 2 (Berkeley: University of California 1968,) p. 17.
Harry Harding, Organizing China (Stanford University, 1981) p. 175.
See Robert Lifton, Revolutionary Immortality (New York: Random House, 1968).
Concerning interchanges between styles, see Lucian Pye, ‘Mao Tse-tung’s Leadership Style’, Political Science Quarterly 91, 2 (Summer 1976), pp. 219–35.
John Gittings, The World and China, 1922–1972 (New York: Harper & Row, 1974) pp. 9, 144–5.
Mao Zedong, ‘The Great Friendship’, Mao Tse-tung and Lin Piao, K. Fan (Garden City: Doubleday, 1972).
Harold Hinton, China’s Turbulent Quest (Bloomington: Indiana University, 1972), pp. 90–91.
See Maos remarks on patriotism and internationalism in Mao Zedong, Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung, eds. S. Schram and A. D. Barnett (New York: Praeger, 1967), pp. 98–101.
John Garver, China’s Decision for Rapproachment with the United States, 1968–1971 (Boulder: Westview, 1982).
Lowell Dittmer, Liu Shao-ch’i and Chinese Cultural Revolution (Berkeley: University of California, 1974) pp. 200–3.
Guotao Zhang, ‘Introduction’, Collected Works of Liu Shao Ch’i 1958–1967, ed. Union Research Institute (Hong Kong: Research Institute, 1968) pp. vi–vii.
Union Research Institute (ed.), Collected Work of Liu Shao Ch’i, 1958–1967 (Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968) p. 35; also see Dittmer, pp. 190–1.
See Tien-min Li, Liu Shao-ch’i (Taibei: Institute of International Relations, 1975) p. 146; Dittmer, op. cit., p. 42.
See Howard Boorman, ‘Liu Shao-ch’i: the Man and the Iceberg’, Revolutionary Leaders of Modern China, ed. C. Hseuh (New York: Oxford University, 1971) pp. 573–42.
Dennis Bloodworth and C. Ping, Heirs Apparent (London: Secker & Warburg, 1937) p. 28.
Dick Wilson, Zhou Enlai (New York: Viking, 1984), pp. 103–4.
Ibid., pp. 271–6; Joh Roots, Chou (Garden City: Doubleday, 1978) p. 113.
Franz Michael, ‘Statement’, United States Relations with the People’s Republic of China, July 20, 1971 Hearing, US Senate Foreign Committee (Washington D. C.: US Government) p. 325.
Kai-yu Hsu, Chou En-lai (Garden City: Doubleday, 1968) p. 205.
Hsin Chi, Teng Hsiao-ping (Hong Kong: Cosmos Book, 1978) p. 33.
Immanuel Hsu, China After Mao (New York: Oxford, 1983) p. 35.
Samuel Kim, ‘Normative Foreign Policy’, International Interactions 8, 1–2 (1981): p. 61.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Copyright information
© 1990 Chih-yu Shih
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shih, Cy. (1990). Face Diplomacy: Leaders and Norms in Foreign Policy Making. In: The Spirit of Chinese Foreign Policy. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11156-5_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11156-5_5
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-11158-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-11156-5
eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)