Abstract
The economic/spatial inequalities and imbalances will be influenced by the unequal access of different income and social classes to assets, technology, information and other inputs.
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Notes and References
See Frances Stewart, Technology and Underdevelopment, London, Macmillan Press, 1977
Frances Stewart, ‘Macropolicies for Appropriate Technology: An Introductory Classification’, in Jeffrey James and Susumu Watanabe (eds), Technology, Institutions and Government Policies, London, Macmillan Press, 1985.
Ashok Rudra, ‘Technology Choice in Agriculture in India over the Past Three Decades’, in Frances Stewart (ed.), Macro-Policies for Appropriate Technology in Developing Countries, Boulder, Westview Press, 1987.
Shigeru Ishikawa, ‘Technology Import and Indigenous Technology Capacity in China’, ILO/WEP Research Working Paper Series, WEP 2-22/WP. 185. Geneva, January 1988.
Richard Conroy, ‘The Disintegration and Reconstruction of the Rural Science and Technology System: Evaluation and Implications’, in A. Saith (ed.), The Re-emergence of the Chinese Peasantry. London, Croom Helm, 1987.
Athar Hussain, ‘Science and Technology in the Chinese Countryside’, in Denis Fred Simon and Merle Goldman (eds), Science and Technology in Post-Mao China, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1989.
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A. S. Bhalla, ‘Computerisation in Chinese Industry’, Science and Public Policy, August 1990.
K. K. Subramanian, ‘Chinese Technology Policy in the 1980s’, Working Paper No. 206, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Kerala, June 1985.
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M. R. Bhagavan, ‘Capital Goods Sector in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, 9 March 1985; and Sukhamoy Chakravarty, Development Planning: The Indian Experience, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1987, Chapter 5.
UN Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology, Technology Policies and Planning — People’s Republic of China, Country Study Series, Bangalore, India, 1986, p. 81.
Lung-fai Wong, Agricultural Productivity in the Socialist Countries, Boulder, Westview Press, 1986, p. 97.
See Ma Yuanling, Modern Plant Biotechnology and Structure of Rural Employment in China, paper prepared for the ILO Technology and Employment Branch, Geneva, ILO, 1989 (draft).
Ben Stavis, ‘Agricultural Performance and Policy: Contrasts with India’, Social Scientist, May–June 1977.
Lung-fai Wong, Agricultural Productivity in China and India: A Comparative Analysis, paper presented at the Symposium on Feeding the People of China and India, American Association for the Advancement of Science Annual Meeting, Chicago, 15 February 1987.
Richard Conroy, ‘Laissez faire Socialism? Prosperous Peasants and China’s Current Rural Development Strategy’, Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, no. 12, 1984.
Biplab Das Gupta, Agrarian Change and the New Technology in India, Geneva, UNRISD, 1977
Michael Lipton with Richard Long-hurst, New Seeds and Poor People, London, Unwin Hyman, 1989.
Cited in J. S. Sarma, Agricultural Policy in India: Growth with Equity, Ottawa, IDRC, 1982, p. 39.
Ibid., p. 39.
Wong, Agricultural Productivity in China and India.
Hussain,’ science and Technology in The Chinese Countryside’.
See C. H. Hanumantha Rao, Technological Change in Indian Agriculture — Emerging Trends and Perspectives, Presidential Address, The Golden Jubilee Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, Bombay, 4–7 December 1989, p. 10.
Erik Baark, High Technology Innovation at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Economics and Planning, Roskilde University Centre, Denmark, Sept. 1987, p. 10.
See Anil B. Deolalikar and Anant K. Sundaram, ‘Technology Choice, Adaptation and Diffusion in Private and State-Owned Enterprises in India’, in Jeffrey James (ed.), The Technological Behaviour of Public Enterprises in Developing Countries, London, Routledge, 1989.
Erik Baark, Knowhow as a Commodity: Contracts and Markets in the Diffusion of Technology in China, Research Policy Institute, University of Lund, 1986, pp. 44–5.
Private interview with Chen Jiyuan, Director, Institute of Rural Development of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), Beijing, September 1988.
Vernon W. Ruttan, Agricultural Research Policy, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1982, p. 140.
Iftikhar Ahmed and Vernon Ruttan, ‘Introduction’, in Iftikhar Ahmed and Vernon Ruttan (eds), Generation and Diffusion of Agricultural Innovations: The Role of Institutional Factors, Aldershot, Gower, 1988.
Sudhir K. Mukhopadhyay, ‘Factors Influencing Agricultural Research and Technology: A Case Study of India’, in Ahmed and Ruttan, ibid.
Hussain,’ science and Technology...’.
During this period, agricultural research accounted for 16 per cent of growth in labour productivity and 11 per cent of growth in land productivity. The corresponding contributions of other factors were: technical inputs, 81 per cent and 54 per cent; fertiliser, 50 per cent and 33 per cent; machinery, 31 per cent and 21 per cent respectively. See Wong, Agricultural Productivity in the Socialist Countries, pp. 93 and 97.
M. Ann Judd, James K. Boyce and Robert E. Evenson, ‘Investing in Agricultural Supply: The Determinants of Agricultural Research and Extension Investment’, Economic Development and Cultural Change, October 1986.
World Bank, CHINA: Socialist Economic Development, Vol. II, Washington DC, 1983, pp. 75–7; and Hussain, 1989,’ science and Technology...’.
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© 1992 A.S. Bhalla
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Bhalla, A.S. (1992). Classes, Technology and Access. In: Uneven Development in the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-11150-3_7
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