Abstract
Besides overmanning, yet another important dimension of hidden unemployment is to be found in the Soviet Union, namely, employment below skill level against one’s wish. In addition, there is employment below skill level by choice which, however, does not fall under hidden unemployment.
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Notes and References
A more detailed schema is to be found in David Lane, Soviet Economy and Society (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1985) p. 272.
M.N. Rutkevič, ‘Potřeby společnosti, systém vzdělání, mládež’, Sociologický časopis’, vol. 21, no. 2 (1985), p. 156, Table 1.
See e.g. Mervyn Matthews, Education in the Soviet Union, (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1982,) pp. 57–8.
G.A. Cherednichenko and V.N. Shubkin, Molodezh’ vstupaet v zhizn’, (Moskva: ‘Mysl”, 1985,) p. 40, Table 1.
Ts.A. Stepanyan (ed.), Sovetskaya intelligentsiya i ee rol’ v stroiteľstve kommunizma (Moskva: Izdate’stvo ‘Nauka’, 1983) pp. 202–3, and M.N. Rutkevič, op. cit. p. 159.
On nomenklatura see e.g. Michael Voslensky, Nomenklatura: Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class (London: The Bodley Head, 1984).
David Granick, Management of the Industrial Firm in the USSR (New York: Columbia University Press, 1955, second printing,) pp. 39–50
John P. Hardt and Theodore Frankel, The Industrial Managers’, in H. Gordon Skilling and Franklyn Griffiths (eds.), Interest Groups in Soviet Politics (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1971) Chapter VI
Nicolas Lampert, The Technical Intelligentsia and the Soviet State (Macmillan, 1979) pp. 64–7.
B. Khalilov, ‘Sotsiologicheskie metody izucheniya raboty masterov’, Sotsialisticheskii trud, vol. XX, no. 1 (1975), p. 129, and E.M. Bezrodnyi, ‘Ob ispoFzovanii kadrov s vysshim i srednim spetsial’nym obrazovaniem na rabochikh mestakh’, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, no. 1 (1982), p. 102.
As to the late 1960s and the early 1970s see Eduard Gloeckner, Der sowjetische Ingenieur in der industriellen Arbeitswelt (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1981) pp. 67–71, 238, 241–2, 244, and 247.
L. Ya. Rubina, Sovetskoestudenchestvo (Moskva: ‘Mysl”, 1981) pp. 92–3 and 117–123
William J. Conyngham, The Modernization of Soviet Industrial Management (Cambridge University Press, 1982) p. 16.
Ts. A. Stepanyan (ed.), op. cit. pp. 219–20, and V.T. Ryazanov, Raspredeleniepo trudu, (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Leningradskogo universiteta, 1984,) p. 167, n. 13
V.N. Ivanov (ed.) Razvitie sotsial’noi struktury obshchestva v SSSR, (Moskva: ‘Nauka’, 1985) p. 80, Table 12.
In addition to the above-quoted article by Aitov and Nasilbullin see also N. A. Aitov, Sovetskii rabochii (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1981) p. 33.
Calculated from Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR, (1984), p. 417. See also S.A. Belanovskii, ‘Puti sovershenstvovaniya organizatsii oplaty truda inzhenerno-upravlencheskikh rabotnikov promyshlennykh predpriyatii’, Izvestiya Akademii nauk SSSR, Seriya ekonomicheskaya, no. 5 (September–October 1986), p. 43, Table 1, and R.G. Yanovskii (ed.), Sotsialnoe razvitie sovetskoi intelligentsii, (Moskva: ‘Nauka’, 1986,) p. 39, Table 3. In 1985, in industry average earnings of engineering-technical workers exceeded those of blue-collar workers by no more than ten per cent. Calculated from Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR, (1985) p. 397.
L.A. Gordon and A.K. Nazimova, Rabochii klass SSSR (Moskva: ‘Nauka’, 1985) pp. 28, 129–31 and 164.
Murray Yanowitch Work in the Soviet Union (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 1985) p. 66, Table 3.4,
E.G. Komarov, Politicheskaya kul’tura molodezhi, (Moskva: ‘Mysl”, 1986, p. 118.
I.F. Nadol’nyi et al., Razvitie dukhovnykh osnov sotsialisticheskogo obraza zhizni (Kiev: Izdatel’stvo pri kievskom gosudarstvennom universitete izdatel’skogo ob”edineniya ‘Vishcha shkola’, 1984) p. 26.
F.A. Baturin, Sotsial’naya aktivnost’ trudyashchikhsya: sushchnost’ i upravlenie (Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo ‘Nauka’, 1984) p. 131, Table 7. See also Eduard Gloeckner, op. cit. p. 73, Table 11.
V.G. Kostakov and E.L. Manevich, ‘Vazhneishie problemy ispol’zovaniya trudovykh resursov’, in V.G. Kostakov and E.L. Manevich (eds.), Regional’nye problemy naseleniya i trudovye resursy SSSR (Moskva: ‘Statistika’, 1978) pp. 30–1.
Michael Ryan, The Organization of Soviet Medical Care (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1978) pp. 45–7.
Concerning specialists in agriculture see R.G. Yanovskii (ed.), op. cit. p. 75, Table 9, and concerning scientists see Stephen Fortescue, The Communist Party and Soviet Science, (Macmillan, 1986,) p. 50. Fortescue writes that ‘It is estimated that about 20 per cent of the time of even rank-and-file scientists is spent on bureaucratic matters and coping with inefficient organisation, with perhaps a third of the working time of leading researchers being expended on the planning process.’
S.L. Senyavskii, Sotsial’naya struktura sovetskogo obshchestva v usloviyakh razvitogo sotsializma’ (Moskva: ‘Mysl”, 1982) p. 203. According to Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR, 1985, pp. 540–1, the ratio was 3.2 : 1 in 1960 and 1970, 2.8 : 1 in 1980, and 2.7 : 1 in 1985.
V.T. Lisovskii et al., Obraz zhizni sovremennogo studenta (Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo leningradskogo universiteta, 1981) p. 56. See also L.Ya. Rubina, op. cit. p. 114, Table 12.
See e.g. V.B. Ostrovskii, Novyi etap v razvitii kolkhoznogo stroya (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1977) p. 226, and N.A.Aitov and R.T Nasibullin, op. cit. p. 110.
See e.g. O.I. Shkaratan, Problemy sotsialnoi struktury rabochego klassa SSSR (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo ‘Mysl”, 1970) pp. 338–9.
See also J.L. Porket, ‘How Much Unemployment in the Soviet Union?’ Economic Affairs, vol. 7, no. 1 (1986), pp. 44–7.
A.G. Volkov et al., Naselenie SSSR, (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo pliticheskoi literatury, 1983,) p. 162, Table 59.
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© 1989 J. L. Porket
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Porket, J.L. (1989). The Use of Educational Qualifications. In: Work, Employment and Unemployment in the Soviet Union. St Antony’s. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10930-2_8
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