Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Fetal Tissue Sampling

  • Chapter
Molecular Genetics in Medicine

Abstract

Prenatal diagnostic tests, like Gaul, can be divided into three; those involving measurement of substances in maternal blood, imaging the fetus, and invasive tests to remove tissues of fetal origin (including embryo biopsy). Maternal blood tests are essentially screening tests and positive results require following up by other investigations. Fetal imaging, mostly by ultrasound at present, has characteristics of both a screening and a diagnostic test. Invasive tests are, by and large, diagnostic tests which are carried out in people who are already known to be at increased risk. For the patient and her doctor the most important consideration is the risk of the procedure. Whatever the reason for an invasive prenatal diagnostic test the final indication for it occurs when a patient perceives the expected utility of the test to be greater than that of no test. This in turn will depend on her perception of the probability of the disease in question and the probability of a harmful result from the invasive test, along with her valuation of these outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References’

  • Alvarez, H. (1965) ‘Diagnosis of hydatidiform mole by transabdominal placental biopsy’, Fetus and Newborn, vol. 95, no. 4, pp. 538–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakemore, K. J., J. Samuelson, W. R. Breg and M. J. Mahoney (1985) ‘Maternal metaphases on direct chromosome preparation of first trimester decidua’, Hum.Genet., vol. 69, p. 380.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambati, B., A. Oldrini and A. Lanzani (1987) ‘Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling: A freehand ultrasound-guided technique’, Am.J.Obstet. Gynecol., vol. 157, pp. 134–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brambati, B., A. Oldrini, A. Lanzani, E. Terzian and G. Tognoni (1988) ‘Transabdominal versus transcervical chorionic villus sampling: A randomized trial’, Hum.Reprod., vol. 3, no. 6, pp. 811–13.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Callen, D. F., G. Korban, G. Dawson, L. Gugasyan, E. J. Krumins, S. Eichenbaum, J. Petrass, S. Purvis-Smith, A. Smith, G. Den-Dulk et al. (1988) Prenat.Diagn., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 453–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crane, J. P., H. A. Beaver and S. W. Cheung (1988) ‘First trimester chorionic villus sampling versus mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis. Preliminary results of a controlled prospective trial’, Prenat.Diagn., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 355–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elias, S., J. L. Simpson, A. O. Martin, R. E. Sabbagha, A. B. Gerbie and L. G. Keith (1985) ‘Chorionic villus sampling for first-trimester prenatal diagnosis: Northwestern University Program’, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., vol. 152, no. 2, pp. 204–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Endres, M., G. Dawson, A. Wirtz and E. Haindl (1985) ‘Freezing of chorionic villi’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati (eds), First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (Springer-Verlag) pp. 201–4.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Foley, M. R., J. Sonek and R. O’Shaughnessy, ‘Cordocentesis’ (1989) ‘Cracking the diagnostic and therapeutic barrier between fetus and physician’, Obstetrics/Gynecology Report, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 152–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galjaard, H. (1985) ‘Biochemical analysis of chorionic villi: a worldwide survey of first trimester fetal diagnosis of inborn errors of metabolism’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati, First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (Springer-Verlag) pp. 209–17.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, D. A., M. D’A. Crawfurd, C. M. Headhouse-Benson, I. R. McFadyen, E. E. de Muinck Keizer, T. M. Wilson and P. H. Farrant (1984) ‘First-trimester diagnosis of Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome’, The Lancet, no.ii, pp. 1180–3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Green, J. E., A. Dorfmann, S. L. Jones, S. Bender, L. Patton and J. D. Schulman (1988) ‘Chorionic villus sampling: experience with an initial 940 cases’, Obstet.Gynecol., vol. 71, no. 2, pp. 208–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gosden, J. R., C. M. Gosden, A. R. Mitchell, C. H. Rodeck and J. M. Morsman (1982) ‘Direct vision chorion biopsy and chromosome-specific DNA probes for determination of fetal sex in first trimester prenatal diagnosis’, Lancet, no. ii, pp. 1416–19.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustavii, B. (1983) ‘First-trimester chromosomal analysis of chorionic villi obtained by direct vision technique’, The Lancet, no. i, pp. 507–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustavii, B. (1984) ‘Chorionic biopsy and miscarriage in first trimester’, The Lancet no. i, p. 562.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustavii, B., M. A. Chester, H. Edvall, S. Iosif, U. Kristoffersson, L. Lofberg, A. Mineur and F. Mitelman (1984) ‘First-trimester diagnosis on chorionic villi obtained by direct vision technique’, Hum. Genet., vol. 65, pp. 373–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hahnemann, N. (1974) ‘Early prenatal diagnosis: A study of biopsy techniques and cell culturing from extraembryonic membranes’, Clinical Genetics, vol. 6, pp. 294–306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton, W. J. and J. D. Boyd (1970) ‘Development of the human placenta’, in E. Philipp, J. Barnes and M. Newton (eds) Scientific Foundations of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (W. Heinemann Medical Books) pp. 185–253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heaton, D. E., B. H. Czepulkowski, D. H. Horwell and D. V. Coleman (1984) ‘Chromosome analysis of first trimester chorionic villus biopsies prepared by a maceration technique’. Prenat.Diagn., vol. 4, pp. 279–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hislop, A., S. Howard and D. V. I. Fairweather (1984) ‘Morphometric studies on the structural development of the lung in Macaca fascicularis during fetal and postnatal life’, J.Anat., vol. 138, pp. 95–112.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbins, J. C. (1984) ‘Consequences of chorionic biopsy’, New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 310, p. 1121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horn, N., J. Stene, A.-M. Mollekaer and U. Friedrich (1984) ‘Linkage studies in Menkes’ disease: The Xg blood group system and C-banding of the X chromosome’, Ann.Hum.Gen., vol. 48, pp. 161–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwell, D. H., F. E. Loeffler and D. V. Coleman (1983) ‘Assessment of a transcervical aspiration technique for chorionic villus biopsy in the first trimester of pregnancy’, Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol., vol. 90, pp. 196–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, L. Y. F. and T. E. Perlis (1984) ‘United States survey on chromosome mosaicism and pseudomosaicism in prenatal diagnosis’, Prenat. Diagn., (special issue) vol. 4, pp. 97–130.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, L. G. and R. J. Wapner (1987) ‘Risks of chorion villus sampling’, Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 1, pp. 513–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, L. (1985), Jefferson Medical College Newsletter, 28 August 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jouppila, P., I. Huhtaniemi, R. Herva and O. Piiroinen (1984) ‘Correlation of human chorionic gonadotrophin secretion in early pregnancy failure with site of gestational sac and placental histology’, Obstet. and Gynecol., vol. 63, no. 4, pp. 537–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalousek, D. K. and F. J. Dill (1983) ‘Chromosomal mosaicism confined to the placenta in human conceptions’, Science, vol. 221, pp. 665–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanhai, H. H. H., J. Bennebroek Gravenhorst, M. B. van T Veer, C. J. Maas, G. C. Beverstock and L. F. Bernini (1984) ‘Chorionic biopsy in management of severe rhesus isoimmunisation’, The Lancet, no. ii, pp. 157–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazy, Z., I. S. Rozovsky and V. A. Bakharev (1982) ‘Chorion biopsy in early pregnancy: a method of early prenatal diagnosis for inherited disorders’, Prenat. Diagn., vol. 2, pp. 39–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleijer, W. J., O. P. van Diggelen, H. C. Janse, H. Galjaard, Y. Dumez and J. Boue (1984) ‘First trimester diagnosis of Hunter syndrome on chorionic villi’, The Lancet, no. ii, pp. 472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koskull, H., P. Ammala, P. Aula and I. Virtanen (1985) ‘Cytoskeletal and lectin markers for cells cultured from chorionic villi and decidua’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati (eds), First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis, pp. 164–77.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lilford, R., D. Maxwell, D. Coleman, B. Czepulkowski and D. Heaton (1983). ‘Diagnosis, four hours after chorion biopsy, of female fetus in pregnancy at risk of duchenne muscular dystrophy’, The Lancet, no. ii, p. 1491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lilford, R. J. and D. Maxwell (1984) ‘The development of a transcutaneous technique for chorion biopsy’, Proceedings of Prenatal Diagnosis Group Meeting ‘Progress in first trimester diagnosis’, 19 December, Queen Charlotte’s Hospital, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lilford, R. J. (1985) ‘Antenatal diagnosis of genetic disease’, The Practitioner, vol. 229, pp. 729–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilford, R. J., H. C. Irving, G. Linton and M. K. Mason (1987) ‘Transabdominal chorion villus biopsy: 100 consecutive cases’, The Lancet, no. i, pp. 1415–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, I. Z., R. H. Lindenbaum, C. Patel, G. Clarke, M. Crocker and J. A. Jonasson (1983) ‘Prenatal diagnosis of an unbalanced chromosome translocation identified by direct karyotyping of chorionic biopsy’, Lancet, no. ii, pp. 1426–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacLachlan, N. A., D. E. Rooney, D. Coleman and C. H. Rodeck (1989) ‘Prenatal Diagnosis: early amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling’, Contemporary Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, vol. 1, pp. 173–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchese, C. A., A. O. Carbonara, E. Viora, A. La Prova and M. Campogrande (1984) ‘Biopsy of chorionic villi for prenatal diagnosis’, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scandinavica, vol. 63, p. 737.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, A. O., S. Elias, B. Roskinsky, A. T. Bombard and J. L. Simpson (1986) ‘False negative finding on chorionic villus sampling’;, Lancet no. ii, pp. 391–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D., B. H. Czepulkowski, D. E. Heaton, D. V. Coleman and R. Lilford (1985a) ‘A practical assessment of ultrasound-guided transcervical aspiration of chorionic villi and subsequent chromosomal analysis’, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 92, pp. 660–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J. and R. J. Lilford (1985b) ‘An interesting ultrasonic observation following chorionic villus sampling’, J. Clinical Ultrasound, vol. 13, pp. 343–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D., R. Lilford, J. Morsman, C. Rodeck, J. Old and S. Thein (1985c)‘Direct DNA analysis for diagnosing fetal sickle status in first trimester chorion tissue’, J. Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 5, pp. 133–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., K. Blau, S. P. Baker, R. D. Johnson and R. J. Lilford (1985d) ‘Activities of alkaline phosphatase in chorion biopsy tissue’, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 5, pp. 283–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell, D. J., R. J. Lilford, B. Czepulkowski, D. Heaton and D. Coleman (1986) ‘Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling’, Lancet, no. i, pp. 123–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medical Research Council (1985) ‘Report of inquiry into human fertilisation and embryology: Medical Research Council’s response’, The Lancet, no. i, p. 270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelman, H. W. and L. Mettler (1985) ‘Cytogenetic investigations on human oocytes and early human embryonic stages’, Fertility and Sterility, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 320–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen, M. (1985) ‘Cytogenetic findings in first trimester chorionic villi biopsies: a collaborative study’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati, First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (Springer-Verlag) pp. 109–20.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mulcahy, M. T., B. Roberman and S. E. Reid (1984) ‘Chorion biopsy, cytogenetic diagnosis, and selective termination in a twin pregnancy at risk of haemophilia’, The Lancet, no. ii, October, pp. 866–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niazi, M., D. V. Coleman, J. F. Mowbray and S. Blunt (1979) ‘Tissue typing amniotic fluid cells: potential use for detection of contaminating maternal cells’, J. Med. Genet., vol. 16, pp. 21–3.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Niazi, M., D. V. Coleman and F. E. Loeffler (1981) ‘Trophoblast sampling in early pregnancy. Culture of rapidly dividing cells from immature placental villi’, Br. J.Obstet. Gynaecol., vol. 88, pp. 1081–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (1976) ‘Midtrimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis. Safety and accuracy’, J. Am. Med.Assoc., vol. 236, pp. 1471–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordenskjold, F. and B. Gustavii (1984) ‘Direct-vision chorionic villi biopsy for prenatal diagnosis in the first trimester’, J. Reprod. Med., vol. 29, pp. 572–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan, S., R. Fatora, J. Hass and M. Steele (1976) ‘Trisomy of chromosome 20’, Clin. Genet., vol. 9, pp. 449–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, T. B., M. J. J. Vekemans, A. Lippman, E. F. Hamilton and P. J. R. Fournier (1985) ‘Chorionic villi sampling: clinical experience, immediate complications, and patient attitudes’, Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol., vol. 151, pp. 161–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rhine, S. A., C. G. Palmer and J. F. Thompson (1977) ‘A simple alternative to amniocentesis for first trimester prenatal diagnosis’, The National Foundation. Birth Defects, Original Article Series XII: 3D, pp. 231–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridler, M. A. C. and M. S. Grewal (1984) ‘Possible source of error in prenatal diagnosis via chorionic villus biopsy’, The Lancet, no. i, p. 1081.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. F. and D. V. Coleman (1982) ‘A case of prenatal paternity discrimination’, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 2, pp. 319–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodeck, C. H. and D. Ivan (1981) ‘Sampling pure fetal blood in twin pregnancies by fetoscopy using a single uterine puncture’, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 7, pp. 43–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodeck, C. H. and J. M. Morsman (1983) ‘First-trimester chorion biopsy’, British Medical Bulletin, vol. 39, pp. 338–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodeck, C. H., J. M. Morsman, C. M. Gosden and J. R. Gosden (1983a) ‘Development of an improved technique for first-trimester microsampling of chorion’, Br.J.Obstet.Gynaecol., vol. 90, pp. 1113–18.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodeck, C. H., J. M. Morsman, K. H. Nicolaides, C. McKenzie, C. M. Gosden and J. R. Gosden (1983b) ‘A single operator technique for first-trimester chorion biopsy’, Lancet, no. ii, pp. 1340–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, E. S., J. O. Van Hemel, H. Galjaard, M. F. Miermeijer and M. G. J. Jahoda (1983). ‘First trimester chromosomal analyses of complex structural rearrangements with RHA banding on chorionic villi’, Lancet, no. ii, pp. 1426.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, E. S., M. G. Jahoda, W. J. Kleijer, L. Pijpers and H. Galjaard (1988) ‘Impact of first-trimester chromosome, DNA, and metabolic studies on pregnancies of high genetic risk: experience with 1,000 cases’, Am.J.Med.Genet., vol. 29, pp. 293–303.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sadovnick, A. D. and P. A. Baird (1982) ‘A cost—benefit analysis of prenatal diagnosis for neural tube defects selectively offered to relatives of index cases’, Am.J.Med.Genet., vol. 12, pp. 63–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, M. E., C. Muller and I. Schmid-Tannwald (1984). Schmid-Tannwald (1984) ‘Fast and reliable culture method for cells from 8–10 week trophoblast tissue’, Lancet, no. ii, p. 1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scialli, A. R., D. L. Neugebauer and S. Fabro (1985) ‘Microbiology of the endocervix in patients undergoing chorionic villi sampling’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati, First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (Springer-Verlag) pp. 69–73.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab, M. E., C. Muller and I. Schmid-Tannwald (1984). Schmid-Tannwald (1984) ‘Fast and reliable culture method for cells from 8–10 week trophoblast tissue’, Lancet, no. ii, p. 1082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, G., B. Brambati, C. Danesino, F. Rossella, G. L. Terzoli, M. Ferrari and M. Fraccaro (1983) ‘Efficient direct chromosome analyses and enzyme determination from chorionic villi samples in the first trimester of pregnancy’, Human Genetics, vol. 63, pp. 349–57.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, G., B. Brambati, C. Danesino, G. L. Terzoli, L. Romitti, F. Rossella and M. Fraccaro (1984) ‘Diagnostic application of first trimester trophoblast sampling in 100 pregnancies’, Human Genetics, vol. 66, pp. 252–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simoni, G., G. L. Terzoli and L. Romitti (1986) ‘Fetal karyotyping by direct chromosome preparation’, in B. Brambati, G. Simoni and S. Fabro (eds), Chorionic villus sampling (New York: Marcel Dekker) pp. 99, 118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, N. E., L. Dallaire, J. R. Miller et al. (1976) ‘Prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease in Canada: report of a collaborative study’, Canad. Med.Assoc.J., vol. 115, pp. 739–48.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smidt-Jensen, S. and N Hahnemann (1984) ‘Transabdominal fine needle biopsy from chorionic villi in the first trimester’, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 4, pp. 163–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smidt-Jensen, S. and N. Hahnemann (1988) ‘Transabdominal chorionic villus sampling for fetal genetic diagnosis. Technical and obstetrical evaluation of 100 cases’, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 4, pp. 7–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tabor, A., M. Madsen, E. B. O/Bell et al. (1986) ‘Randomised controlled trial of genetic amniocentesis in 4,606 low risk women’, Lancet, no. i, pp. 1287–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Terzoli, G. L., L. Romitti, S. Guerneri, P. Carrera and L. Camurri (1985) ‘Effect of incubation time and serum concentration on the number of mitoses in aspirated villi samples’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati (eds), First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (Springer-Verlag) pp. 197–200.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tietung Hospital of Anashan Iron and Steel Company (1975) ‘Fetal sex prediction by sex chromatin of chorionic villi cells during early pregnancy’, Chinese Medical Journal, vol. 2, pp. 118–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tommerup, N., F. Sondergaard, T. Tonnesen et al. (1985) ‘First trimester prenatal diagnosis of a male fetus with fragile X’, The Lancet, no. i, p. 870.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trnka, P. L., E. Pergament and N. G. Anderson (1984) ‘Map of proteins resolved from human chorionic villi by two-dimensional electrophoresis’, Clinical Chemistry, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 2040–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsvetkova, E. V., H. A. Maltseva, T. V. Zolotuchina, O. B. Bartseva and V. A. Bachareu (1982) ‘Comparison of properties of neuraminidase in cultures of amniotic fluid cells and cultures of chorion cells’, Questions of Medical Chemistry (Moscow) vol. 3, pp. 41–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verlinsky, Y., P. J. DeChristopher, E. Pergament and N. A. Ginsberg (1985) ‘Histomorphological Aspects of Chorionic Villi in First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis’, in M. Fraccaro, G. Simoni and B. Brambati (eds), First Trimester Fetal Diagnosis (Springer-Verlag) pp. 178–88.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Vimal, C. M., A. H. Fensom, D. Heaton, R. H. T. Ward, P. Garrod and R. J. A. Penketh (1984) ‘Prenatal diagnosis of argininoscuccinicaciduria by analysis of cultured chorionic villi’, The Lancet, no. ii, pp. 521–2.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, D. (1984) ‘Outcome of cases of de novo structural rearrangements diagnosed at amniocentesis’, Prenatal Diagnosis, vol. 4, pp. 69–70.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, R. C., J. Butler, J. M. Morsman, C. McKenzie and C. H. Rodeck (1985) ‘Does chorionic villus sampling cause fetomaternal haemorrhage?’ The Lancet, 23 March, p. 691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whittle, M. J. (1989) ‘The safety of cordocentesis’, Br.J.Hosp.Med., vol. 41, p. 511.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R. D., V. Kendrick, B. K. Wittman and B. C. McGillivray (1984) ‘Risk of spontaneous abortion in ultrasonically normal pregnancies’, Lancet, no. ii, p. 290.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. R. J. Lilford
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Professor of Human Genetics, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

    D. F. Roberts

  2. Senior Lecturer in Sociology, University of Hull, UK

    Robert Chester

Copyright information

© 1991 The Galton Institute

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lilford, R.J. (1991). Fetal Tissue Sampling. In: Roberts, D.F., Chester, R. (eds) Molecular Genetics in Medicine. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10874-9_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation