Abstract
No aspect of French activity in the South Pacific since the 1960s has been so controversial as France’s testing of nuclear devices in Polynesia. Critics argue that in carrying out these tests, France is poisoning the Pacific Ocean and its people and dangerously militarising the region. Defenders of the testing counter that it poses no health or environmental risks and that it is necessary for France to preserve its national defence, of which the nuclear force is an integral part. In either case, the need to test nuclear devices has often been advanced as the primary reason that France must maintain its sovereign presence in Oceania. Still other observers point out the economic and social effects the testing has wrought on French Polynesia, for better or worse, and the dislocation that might result should France discontinue the tests.
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Notes and References
Much of this section is based on Wilfrid L. Kohl, French Nuclear Diplomacy (Princeton, 1971).
Lawrence Scheinman, ‘Euratom: Nuclear Integration in Europe’, International Conciliation, No. 563 (May 1967), quoted in Kohl, p. 19.
Greenpeace, French Polynesia: The Nuclear Tests: A Chronology, 1967–1981 (Auckland, 1981).
See Robert Aldrich and John Connell, ‘Beyond the Hexagon’, in Robert Aldrich and John Connell (eds), France in World Politics (London, 1989), pp. 1–15.
See, for example, Alfred Grosser, Affaires extérieures (Paris, 1984).
Jean-Pierre Gomane, Les Marins et l’outre-mer (Paris, 1988), p. 111.
Henri Fages, ‘Un intérêt majeur de la France en Océanie. Le Centre d’Expérimentation du Pacifique’, JSO, No. 87 (1989), pp. 11, 12, 19.
Jean Chesneaux, Transpacifiques (Paris, 1987).
Yves Le Baut, ‘Les Essais nucléaires français de 1966 à 1974’, Relations Internationales, No. 59 (Autumn 1989), pp. 359–370.
J.W. Davidson, ‘French Polynesia and the French Nuclear Tests: The Submission of John Teariki’, Journal of Pacific History 2 (1967), pp. 149–154.
David Stone, ‘The Awesome Glow in the Sky: The Cook Islands and the French Nuclear Tests’, Journal of Pacific History 2 (1967), pp. 154–159.
Stewart Firth, Nuclear Playground (Sydney, 1987), pp. 96–97.
For critical views, see for example Bengt Danielsson, ‘Under a Cloud of Secrecy: the French Nuclear Tests in the South Pacific’, in Nancy J. Pollock and Ron Crocombe, French Polynesia (Suva, 1988), pp. 260–274.
More generally, see Michael Hamel-Green, ‘The Rarotonga South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty’, in Ranginui Walker and William Sutherland (eds), The Pacific: Peace, Security and the Nuclear Issue (Tokyo, 1988), pp. 93–122
Richard Shears and Isobelle Gidley, The Rainbow Warrior Affairs (Sydney, 1985) was the first of several ‘instant books’ on the drama — which also sparked a television ‘mini-series’
It was quickly followed by J. Dyson, Sink the Rainbow! An Enquiry into the ‘Greenpeace Affair’ (London, 1986);
M. King, Death of the Rainbow Warrior (Auckland, 1986);
D. Robie, Eyes of Fire: The Last Voyage of the Rainbow Warrior (Auckland, 1986);
and Sunday Times Insight Team, Rainbow Warrior: The French Attempt to Sink Greenpeace (London, 1986)
Stewart Firth, Nuclear Playground; ‘State Terror’, Arena, No. 73 (1985), p. 3.
Pierre Lacour, De l’Oceanie au Pacifique (Paris, 1987).
See Richard Deacon, The French Secret Service (London, 1990)
and Roger Faligot, La Piscine: The French Secret Service since 1989 (Oxford, 1989) for general introductions to the history of French intelligence activities
See Ron Crocombe, The South Pacific (Auckland, 1983).
See John Ravenhill (ed.), No Longer an American Lake? (Berkeley, 1989) for various articles on geopolitical concerns
as well as R. Walker and W. Sutherland (eds), The Pacific: Peace, Security and the Nuclear Issue (Tokyo, 1988);
on nationalism, see David Robie, Blood on Their Banner: Nationalist Struggles in the South Pacific (London, 1989);
on Papua New Guinea, see Sean Dorney, Papua New Guinea: People, Politics and History since 1975 (Sydney, 1990)
and Mark Turner, Papua New Guinea: The Challenge of Independence (Melbourne, 1990);
on Fiji, Robert T. Robertson and Akosita Tamanisau, Fiji: Shattered Coups (Sydney, 1988)
I have underlined certain parallels between the 1880s and the 1980s in my ‘L’Australie et la France dans le Pacifique: contentieux actuel et arrière-plan historique’, JSO, No. 84 (1987), pp. 93–98.
See, for example, Simon Winchester, The Pacific (London, 1991), especially the section ‘The Great Ocean’, pp. 31–62.
This section is taken largely from my ‘Rediscovering the Pacific: A Critique of French Geopolitical Analysis’, JSO, No. 87 (1989), pp. 5–24
M.T. Daly and John Connell, ‘The New Pacific Pirates’, Pacific Islands Monthly, December 1987, p. 38;
‘Le Pacifique, nouvel axe du monde’, L’Express, 6 April 1984:
René Servoise, ‘Le Pacifique, “nouveau monde”‘, Politique étrangère, January 1985, pp. 101–117;
RPR, Le RPR vous parle de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (RPR, Paris, 1985);
François Mitterrand, Réflexions sur la politique extérieure de la France (Paris, 1986), p. 13
Ron Crocombe, ‘Studying the Pacific: Past Experiences and Future Potentials’, in Anthony Hooper, et al., Class and Culture in the South Pacific (Auckland, 1987), pp. 115–138.
Cercle Katara, Pacifique Sud, une paix précaire: Essai de géostratégie (Nouméa, 1980).
Later publications included Georges Zeldine, L’Hémisphère pacifique: Réalités et avenirs (Nouméa, 1984).
Institut du Pacifique, Le Pacifique, ‘nouveau centre du monde’ (Paris, 1983; 2nd ed., 1986)
The book on Australia, edited by Georges Ordonnaud and Alain Sérieyx, is Australie 88: Bicentennaire ou Naissance? (Paris, 1988)
Gilles Etrillard and François Sureau, A l’Est du monde (Paris, 1983).
Pierre Lacour, De l’Océanie au Pacifique: Histoire et enjeux (Paris, 1987).
Yves Lacoste, ‘Le Pacifique, est-il vraiment le “nouveau centre du monde”?’, Les Nouvelles littéraires, December 1984, pp. 169–172
Alexandre Sanguinetti, ‘Nouvelle-Calédonie: Summum jus, Summa injuria’, Politique d’aujourd’hui, June 1985.
Georges Ordonnaud, ‘Pacifique sud-ouest: un nouveau théatre?’, Le Monde, 22 August 1985.
John Connell and Michael van Langenberg, ‘Indonesia: A Giant Awakens’, Pacific Islands Monthly, March 1988, p. 27, discuss this view.
On this point, see ‘La Théorie des dominos’, Le Monde, 29 November 1984.
For a fuller discussion, see Robert Aldrich and John Connell, France’s Overseas Frontier: Départements et Territoires d’Outre-Mer (Cambridge, 1992), especially Chapter 9
Robert Aldrich, ‘Le Lobby colonial de l’Océanie française’, Revue Française d’Histoire d’Outre-Mer 76 (1989), pp. 411–424
Particularly in the works of Paul Deschanel, La Politique française en Océanie à propos du canal de Panama (Paris, 1884) and
Les Intérêts français dans l’Océan Pacifique (Paris, 1888)
See Aldrich and Connell, France’s Overseas Frontier, and Robert Aldrich, ‘France in the South Pacific’, in Ravenhill (ed.), American Lake No Longer?’, pp. 76–105.
See Stephen Henningham, France and the South Pacific (Sydney, 1992), Chapter 8
Stephen Bates, The South Pacific Island Countries and France: A Study in Inter-State Relations (Canberra, 1990).
Jean Chesneaux, ‘Le Pacifique Sud rongé par une modernité destructrice’, Le Monde diplomatique, July 1990, pp. 26–27.
See John Connell, ‘“Trouble in Paradise”: The Perception of New Caledonia in the Australian Press’, Australian Geographical Studies 25 (1987), pp. 54–65.
Robert Aldrich, ‘Le Pacifique français vu d’Australie’, ENA International: Bulletin des Anciens Elèves de VEcole Nationale d’Administration (forthcoming).
See also Xavier Pons, Le Géant du Pacifique (Paris, 1988)
in Robert Aldrich (ed.), France, Australia and Oceania: Past and Present (Sydney, 1991)
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Aldrich, R. (1993). Nuclear Testing, the ‘New Pacific’ and French International Policy. In: France and the South Pacific since 1940. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10828-2_9
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