Abstract
The USSR under Stalin was not very quick in extending diplomatic recognition to Pakistan, nor were the Muslim League leaders anxious to establish friendly relations with the Soviet Union. Liaquat Ali Khan, who became the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, the Finance Minister in the Interim Government of India (which was headed by Jawaharlal Nehru), actually attempted to block the appointment of Nehru’s sister, Mrs Vijay Lakshmi Pandit, as Indian ambassador to Moscow. She did, however, succeed in presenting her credentials in Moscow — on 13 August 1947 — one day before the formal independence of India and Pakistan was proclaimed. Ironically, she was never received by Stalin, who had perceived India to be a British ‘satellite’. The Soviet Union did not send a congratulatory message to the Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948) upon the birth of Pakistan on 14 August 1947.
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Notes
In explaining Pakistan’s close relations with the United States during the 1950s, Burke in developing this thesis has relied excessively on this theme. See S. M. Burke, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy: An Historical Analysis (London: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 91–100.
Walter Biddle Smith, My Three Years in Moscow (New York: 1950), p. 47.
Adam B. Ullam, Dangerous Relations: The Soviet Union in World Politics, 1970–1982 (Oxford: 1983), p. 10.
Chaudhri Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), pp. 183, 280.
J. Russell Andrees and Aziz Ali F. Mohammed, The Economy of Pakistan (London: 1958), p. 281.
O. H. K. Spate, India and Pakistan: A General and Regional Geography (London: Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 119.
Pakistan: 1957–1958 (Karachi: 1958), pp. 173–5; see also Major-General Fazal Muqeem Khan, The Story of Pakistan (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1963), pp. 24–5, 42.
Yuri V. Gankovsky and L. R. Gordon-Polonskaya, A History of Pakistan (Moscow: 1964), p. 75.
Andrea A. Gromyko, ‘Foreword’, Modern Diplomacy of Capitalist Powers, trans. by O. B. Borisov, Y. V. Dubinin, and I. N. Zemskov (New York: Pergamon, 1983), p. VII.
J. P. Jain, Soviet Policy Towards Pakistan and Bangladesh (New Delhi: Humanities Press, 1974), p. 32.
Igor V. Khalevenski, Pakistan and USSR (Moscow: 1984), p. 16.
A. V. Karpov, Ross Nebolsine, ‘Indus Valley, Key to West Pakistan’s Future: II, Rivers and Deserts’, Indus (Lahore: WAPDA, January 1961), Vol. I, no. 12, p. 12.
G. Mueen-ud-Din, ‘Indus Waters Treaty Negotiations’, Indus (Lahore: WAPDA, Vol. I, No. 9, October 1960), pp. 10–19.
Earl Mountbatten, Time Only to Look Forward (London: Nicholas Kay, 1949), p. 42.
Musarrat H. Zubairi, Voyage Through History (Karachi: Vanguard Press, 1984; New York: Harcourt Brace, 1961), p. 179, Vol. II, p. 61.
Ibid., pp. 48–9; Leonard Mosley, The Last Days of the British Raj (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1961), p. 51.
V. P. Menon, Transfer of Power in India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 441.
Chaudhri Mohammed Ali, Emergence of Pakistan (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), p. 164.
Ian Stephens, Pakhtoonistan: Figment or Reality (Karachi: Kamel Publications, 1947), a reprint of his article on Afghanistan’s policy in The National and English Review (London); see also Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan’s Statement in the National Assembly, 9 January 1950.
Lord Birdwood, Two Nations and Kashmir (London: Robert Hale, 1956), p. 74.
K. Sarwar Hasan (ed.), Documents on the Foreign Relations of Pakistan: The Kashmir Question (Karachi: Pakistan Institute of International Affairs, 1966), p. 100.
Karan Singh, Heir Apparent: An Autobiography (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1982), Vol. I, pp. 56–7.
For General Gracey’s role in not obeying Jinnah’s orders, and his subsequent recommendations, see Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 350–1.
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© 1994 Hafeez Malik
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Malik, H. (1994). Problems of Initial Adaptation for the USSR and Pakistan. In: Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10573-1_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10573-1_3
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