Abstract
After the loss of East Pakistan to the Indian forces, Pakistan was not merely a defeated country; it was a thoroughly demoralized state, whose population for the first time lost faith in its military’s defensive capability. Pakistanis also lost a sense of national direction, and confidence in their allies. In this atmosphere of crisis of confidence, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto assumed Pakistan’s presidency on 20 December 1971, since his Pakistan Peoples’ Party (PPP) had won the majority of West Pakistan’s share of seats in the National Assembly. Pakistan was no longer a two-winged anomaly; it was now compact geographically and, despite ethnic diversity, peoples of the four provinces, Azad Kashmir, and the Northern Areas had more in common with each other than with 1000-miles away East Pakistan.
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Notes
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Bilateralism: New Directions (Karachi: Feroz & Sons, 1976), p. 11.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Pakistan Builds Anew (New York: April 1973), p. 553.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, The Myth of Independence (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 5, 11.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Speeches and Statements, July 1, 1972-September 30, 1972 (Karachi: Frozesons, 1972), pp. 30–31.
Bhutto, Speeches and Statements (July–September 1972), pp. 26–9.
For an excellent analysis of the Simla Conference, see Imtiaz H. Bokhari and Thomas Perry Thornton, The 1972 Simla Agreement: An Asymmetrical Negotiation (Washington, DC, SAIS, The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, 1988), p. 8.
Joint Soviet-Pakistan communiqué, 26 October 1974; Soviet-South Asian Relations, 1947–1978, ed. R. K. Jain (Atlantic Heights, NJ: Humanities Press, 1979), pp. 130–1.
‘Joint Statement of the Soviet Union and the Republic of Afghanistan’, Pravda 42. See Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Pakistan’s Relations with the Islamic States (Islamabad: 1977), pp. 20–33.
Ashok Kapur, Pakistan’s Nuclear Development (London: Croom Helm, 1987). p. 58.
Robert L. Beckman, Nuclear Nonproliferation (Boulder: Westview Press, 1985), p. 66.
For a thorough look at this subject see an excellent study, Richard G. Hewlett and Jack M. Holls, Atoms For Peace and War, 1953–1961, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), pp. 71–2.
See I. H. Usmani, ‘Atomic Energy in Pakistan’, Pakistan Quarterly (Autumn 1960), Vol. X, no. 2, p. 136.
Leonard S. Spector, Going Nuclear (Cambridge, Mass., Ballinger, 1987), p. 102.
Zulfiqar Bhutto’s typescript of testimony before the Supreme Court of Pakistan, in reply to the Zia regime’s White Papers, pp. 192–3; also see Munir Ahmad Munir, Jo Mein Nay Daykha: Rao Abdur Rashid Say Interview (Lahore: Atish Fashan Publications, 1985), p. 222.
P. K. S. Namboodri, ‘Pakistan’s Nuclear Posture’, Nuclear Myths and Realities, ed. K. Subrahmanyam (Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press, 1982), p. 142; also Khalid Hasan’s (Bhutto’s former Press Secretary) statement,
as reported by S. Weissman and H. Krosney, The Islamic Bomb (New York: Times Books, 1981), pp. 44–5, 163.
Kauther Niazi, Awr Line Kat Giey (Lahore: Jung Publishers, 1987), pp. 78–9.
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© 1994 Hafeez Malik
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Malik, H. (1994). The New Pakistan: Doctrine of Bilateralism and the Nuclear Option. In: Soviet-Pakistan Relations and Post-Soviet Dynamics, 1947–92. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10573-1_10
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