Abstract
The prerequisite of political success in America today is to conceive your election as a product marketing exercise. The marketing dynamic is not the only way to interpret elections — the play of orthodox political factors also colours and determines them — but as it explains the conceptual, tactical and technological approaches taken it is a useful one. Elections are spectacular, like a circus; they have their ringmasters and their acrobats. They are for the audience but not of them.
‘The men who are entrusted with the direction of public affairs in the United States are frequently inferior, both in capacity and morality, to those whom an aristocracy would raise to power. But their interest is identified and confounded with that of the majority of their fellow-citizens. They may frequently be faithless, and frequently mistaken; but they will never systematically adopt a line of conduct hostile to the majority; and they cannot give a dangerous or exclusive tendency to the government.’
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America
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Notes and References
These pages refer extensively to McGinnis, Joe, The Selling of the President, 1968 (New York: Trident Press, 1969).
See MacNeil, Robert, The People Machine (London: Eyre and Spottis-woode, 1970) for account of Nixon’s lack of televisual appeal (p. 138).
See English, David, Divided They Stand (London: Michael Joseph, 1969).
See White, Theodore, H., The Making of the President, 1960 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1962) on how Nixon ignored his advertising advisers (p. 312).
Blumenthal, Sidney, The Permanent Campaign (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982).
Nimmo, Dan, The Political Persuaders (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1970).
Perry, James, The New Politics (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1968).
Chagai, David, The New Kingmakers (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981).
For an account of the 1980 Presidential Campaign see Wayne, Stephen J., The Road to the White House (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1980) and also the Washington Post, Pursuit of the Presidency.
For an account of Kennedy in 1980 see Drew, Elizabeth, Portrait of an Election (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981) p. 161.
McKay, David, American Politics and Society (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1983).
For an account of Reagan’s Presidential Leadership see Sandoz and Cecil (eds), Election 84 (New York: Mentor Books, 1985) ch. 3.
See Atkinson, Max, Our Masters’ Voices (London: Methuen, 1984) for an account of Reagan’s conversational style and its suitability for television, pp. 166, 167.
Further Reading
Denton, R.E. and Woodard, Gary C, Political Communication in America (New York: Praeger, 1985) for mention of political symbols, p. 34 and symbolic nature of presidency, ch. 7.
Seymour Ure, Colin, The American President: Power and Communication (London: Macmillan, 1982).
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© 1990 Nicholas J. O’Shaughnessy
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O’Shaughnessy, N.J. (1990). Merchandising the Monarch: Reagan and the Presidential Elections. In: The Phenomenon of Political Marketing. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10352-2_9
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